The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is the lifeblood of wireless communications and services. Accessing the spectrum has become ever-increasingly problematic. This is due to the current practices offrequency management based on pre-planned and static frequency allocation and assignments that can no longer accommodate explosive demands for EM spectrum. Without a paradigm shift in spectrum management, the growth of wireless services to meet demands, whether from commercial, civil, or military interests, will be severely curtailed in the coming years. In particular, spectrum-dependent devices, equipment, and systems will increasingly encounter significant competitive disadvantages, with critical consequences on our warfighting capability, when accessing the (seemingly or actually) overcrowded EM spectrum upon deployment in the U.S., and more so overseas. On the road forward, the transformation of spectrum management from the current static spectrum allocation and assignment to a more dynamic and responsive regime is greatly facilitated by the emerging concept ofDynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) that enables spectrum-dependent devices, equipment, and systems to dynamically change their parameters to adapt their spectrum access according to criteria such as policy constraints, spectrum availability, propagation environment, and application performance requirements. In this paper, we present an overview ofDSA architectures-opportunistic as well as coordinated, highlight their salient features, and focus on their implications on radios, networks, and spectrum usage which will provide responsive tactical and enabling strategic capabilities to the warfighter.
The authors would like to acknowledge the cooperation and insights gained from warfighters, especially from LCDR Dennis McCartin of Third Fleet, and LCDR Marquez Campbell of SPAWAR Systems Command, who made sure this study focused upon the important issues from the perspective of field personnel. Our thanks to Dr. Carla Salinas, of Kaiser Hospital, who provided a perspective toward how civilian health care professionals use telemedicine in their daily experience, and Mr. Edwin Dela Santos, a medical technician at San Diego Children's Hospital, who provided information about how intrahospital communications work. Thank you also to Greg Adams (SSC San Diego D8501) and Bill Pugh (Naval Health Research Center) for providing references to previous naval telemedicine work and to Mark Lasher (SSC San Diego D853) for helpful suggestions and comments at our team meetings.Finally, thank you to the many personnel from codes within the D80 Communications Department at SSC San Diego who contributed visibility into all the intricate pieces of the DoD land-based and afloat communications infrastructure, and ensured a clear identification of the edge where capability ends and development must start.Windows NT® is a registered trademark of the Microsoft Corporation Virtual Naval Hospital ™ is a trademark of the University of Iowa. SB EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OBJECTIVEThis study defines the specific communications capabilities of U.S. Navy ships and identifies operational problems and technical barriers prohibiting telemedicine on a wide scale. This information is needed so the transmission of medical data can be managed in conformance with shipboard capabilities and contingencies can be developed for the potential degradation of those capabilities. While communications requirements for telemedicine in the civilian sector continue to be defined and implemented on a limited basis, the Department of Defense (DoD) must also supply similar needs in hostile environments. SCOPEThis report evaluates the effect current technology has upon the telemedicine aboard U.S. Navy ships while underway. The focus of this report covers current capabilities aboard U.S. Navy vessels for communication operations and for interfacing to existing infrastructure and future technologies. Identifying these capabilities will benefit the acquisition community and those who conduct requirement synthesis where technology proliferates and develops rapidly. This report identifies the communication assets of the fleet infrastructure ashore and at sea, and provides details of functional and technical requirements and possible near-and long-term solutions, enhancements, and recommendations. • Medical Administration. Patient demographic data and basic health information must be stored and tracked and available for recall as patients move geographically.• Radiation Health. All periods of radiation monitoring for exposure must be documented and tracked.• Occupational and/or Environmental Health. All occupational health elements are to be documented as required by DoD and Depa...
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