Background: Positive parental attitudes towards infant feeding are an important component in child nutritional health. Previous studies have found that participants in the Special Supplemental Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Program have lower breastfeeding rates and attitudes that do not contribute towards healthy infant feeding in spite of breastfeeding and nutrition education programs targeting WIC participants. The objective of this study was to assess the frequency of exclusive breastfeeding in the early postpartum period and maternal attitudes towards breastfeeding in a population of mothers at two San Francisco hospitals and in relation to WIC participation status. Methods: We interviewed women who had recently delivered a healthy newborn using a structured interview. Results: A high percentage (79.8%) of our sample was exclusively breastfeeding at 1-4 days postpartum. We did not find any significant differences in rates of formula or mixed feeding by WIC participant status. Independent risk factors for mixed or formula feeding at 1-3 days postpartum included Asian=Pacific Islander ethnicity (odds ratio [OR] 2.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17-7.19). Being a college graduate was associated with a decreased risk of formula=mixed feeding (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.10-0.79). We also found that thinking breastfeeding was physically painful and uncomfortable was independently associated with not breastfeeding (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.06-1.89). Conclusions: Future studies should be conducted with Asian-Americans and Pacific Islanders to better understand the lower rates of exclusive breastfeeding in this population and should address negative attitudes towards breastfeeding such as the idea that breastfeeding is painful or uncomfortable.
The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is the lifeblood of wireless communications and services. Accessing the spectrum has become ever-increasingly problematic. This is due to the current practices offrequency management based on pre-planned and static frequency allocation and assignments that can no longer accommodate explosive demands for EM spectrum. Without a paradigm shift in spectrum management, the growth of wireless services to meet demands, whether from commercial, civil, or military interests, will be severely curtailed in the coming years. In particular, spectrum-dependent devices, equipment, and systems will increasingly encounter significant competitive disadvantages, with critical consequences on our warfighting capability, when accessing the (seemingly or actually) overcrowded EM spectrum upon deployment in the U.S., and more so overseas. On the road forward, the transformation of spectrum management from the current static spectrum allocation and assignment to a more dynamic and responsive regime is greatly facilitated by the emerging concept ofDynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) that enables spectrum-dependent devices, equipment, and systems to dynamically change their parameters to adapt their spectrum access according to criteria such as policy constraints, spectrum availability, propagation environment, and application performance requirements. In this paper, we present an overview ofDSA architectures-opportunistic as well as coordinated, highlight their salient features, and focus on their implications on radios, networks, and spectrum usage which will provide responsive tactical and enabling strategic capabilities to the warfighter.
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