[fre] Les circuits de financement de l'économie française ont fait l'objet de nombreuses réformes au cours des dernières années. Cet article présente un premier bilan de l'effet de l'évolution du cadre financier sur les sources de financement des entreprises et de l'État et sur les placements des agents non financiers sur la période 1978-1985. [eng] Several reforms of the French financial system have taken place over the recent past. This paper reviews the impact of the evolution of the financial system on the forms of government and business financing and on the financial investment of non financial agents over the period 1978-1985.
France and the GATT Negotiations, by Christian Saint-Etienne
France is unable to pursue a trade policy independently from the European Community. Nevertheless, France can and should define its European policy taking into account the four following considerations : if « pure » (or so-called) free trade is hypocritical and destructive, what can it be replaced by ? If outward orientation increases economie efficiency at the price of augmenting social divisions, what can be done to enjoy the advantages of the one without the disadvantages of the other ? Under what circumstances can free trade remain an instrument that improves the standard of living without threatening the European political model ? What are specifie French interests in this domain ?
[fre] Christian Saint-Etienne Réforme des retraites en France, bilan et perspectives Après un rappel sur les défis du vieillissement en France et le débat répartition/capitalisation, les réformes des régimes de retraite conduites dans plusieurs pays industriels sont analysées. La dernière section porte sur la loi Fillon et sur une évaluation des désé- quilibres restant, à l'horizon 2040, après les réformes de 1993 et 2003. [eng] Reform of the French Retirement System, Evaluation and Prospects After a presentation of the consequences of population ageing on the retirement system in France and the debate « unfunded pay as you go / capitalization in pension funds », comes an analysis of the reforms implemented in several industrial countries. The last section is about the last reform implemented in France (Fillon 2003) and gives an estimate of the next necessary reform in France to maintain the pay as you go system up to 2040.
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