No instrumentation technique was able to circumferentially prepare the oval outline of root canals. Nevertheless, instruments with greater taper (ProTaper and Mtwo) were more efficient than NiTi- hand files, but this was, in some cases, at the expense of remaining dentine-wall thickness.

The objective was to assess the fluorescence properties of current commercial resin composites. Sixteen light-curing resin composites, representing a total number of 241 shades, were analyzed. Fluorescence measurements of all samples were taken using the monochromator-based fluorescence reader Synergy TM Mx (BioTek Instruments Inc.). Additionally, samples of dentin and enamel were analyzed for comparison. The mean of the maximum excitation wavelength was (398±5) nm and the mean of the resulting emission wavelength was (452±9) nm for all composite shades. The maximum fluorescence varied widely between 50 and 70,808 RFU with a mean of (28,948±15,380) RFU. The maximum for dentin was (9,308±3,676) RFU and enamel (5,467±506) RFU. The results showed that the analyzed composites fluoresced at nearly the same excitation-emission wavelengths combination but with varying optical intensities. These results provide useful reference for optimal fluorescence induction and may help to develop better fluorescence diagnostic methods needed for treatment, forensic investigations and epidemiological research/analyses.

The aim of this study was to determine singular fluorescence qualities of different, commercially available resin composites shades. A total of 234 brand name colors including enamel, dentin and special shades were examined using a monochromator-based spectrophotometer. From the examined composites, Filtek TM Z250 (867±279) RFU and Supreme XT (dentin shades: (1,585±507) RFU; enamel shades: (4,473±330) RFU) are the only brands with a mean fluorescence maximum that resembles the fluorescence of natural samples. The shade types of the other brands showed a three to fifteen times higher mean maximum fluorescence (dentin shades: (10,331-47,774) RFU; enamel shades: (19,264) RFU; special shades: (35,934-60,001) RFU). The results of the present study supply for the first time individual fluorescence qualities of a vast sample of different composite shades, data needed not only for the development of new materials, but for diagnostic reasons in routine (re-)treatment, forensic and epidemiological endeavors.

BackgroundIntraoperative nausea and vomiting (IONV) or postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) affecting women undergoing regional anesthesia for cesarean section is an important clinical problem since these techniques are used widely. There are burdens of literature about IONV/PONV and several in parturient and cesarean. However, it needs more attention. The underlying mechanisms of IONV and PONV in the obstetrical setting mainly include hypotension due to sympathicolysis during neuraxial anesthesia, bradycardia owing to an increased vagal tone, the visceral stimulation via the surgical procedure and intravenously administered opioids.MethodsGiven the high and even increasing rate of cesarean sections and the sparse information on the etiology, incidence and severity of nausea and vomiting and the impact of prophylactic measures on the incidence of PONV/IONV, this article aims to review the available information and provide pragmatic suggestions on how to prevent nausea and vomiting in this patient cohort. Current literature and guidelines were identified by electronic database searching (MEDLINE via PubMed and Cochrane database of systematic reviews) up to present, searching through reference lists of included literature and personal contact with experts.Discussion and conclusionTaking into account the current guidelines and literature as well as everyday clinical experience, the first step for decreasing the incidence of IONV and PONV is a comprehensive management of circulatory parameters. This management includes liberal perioperative fluid administration and the application of vasopressors as the circumstances require. By using low-dose local anesthetics, an additional application of intrathecal or spinal opioids or hyperbaric solutions for a sufficient controllability of neuraxial distribution, maternal hypotension might be reduced. Performing a combined spinal–epidural anesthesia or epidural anesthesia may be considered as an alternative to spinal anesthesia. Antiemetic drugs may be administered restrainedly due to off-label use in pregnant women for IONV or PONV prophylaxis and may be reserved for treatment.

Recently, commercially available 1-SEAs with a zero application time (i.e., no waiting time) concept, including Clearfil Universal Bond Quick, have been introduced. Clinicians desire not only a reduction in the number of application steps but also quicker application times for dental adhesives, however, a shortened application time may fail to maintain their bond ability 13-15). Previously, it has been reported that a shorter application time than instructed by manufacturers leads to lower bond strengths to dentin 14) , but doubling the application time recommended by the manufacturer increases their bonding performance to dentin for 1-SEAs 16,17) because the application time could influence smear layer removal and/or infiltration of resin monomers to dentin 13). The multifunctional hydrophilic amide monomer in