CONTENTS 1. Introduction and Overview of the Field 4260 2. Experimental Methods 4262 2.1. Chambers for Cloud and Aerosol Studies 4262 2.1.1. Cloud Chamber Studies 4262 2.1.2. Aqueous Aerosol Chamber Studies 4263 2.2. Analytical Techniques 4263 2.2.1. Transfer-MS and ESI-MS 4263 2.2.2. High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) 4263 2.2.3. Other MS-Based Studies 4264 2.2.4. NMR 4264 2.2.5. Droplet Evaporation Techniques 4264 2.2.6. Kinetics 4265 3. A Comparison of Aqueous Aerosol, Fog, and Cloud Chemistry 4266 3.1. Overview of Conditions 4266 3.1.1. Occurrence of the Tropospheric Aqueous Phase: RH, ALW, and Clouds on a Global Scale 4266 3.2. Aqueous-Phase Transfer 4267 3.3. pH Effects 4268 3.3.1. Acid−Base Equilibria of Acids and Diacids 4268 3.3.2. Dehydration Reactions of Reaction Intermediates: Alkyl Radical Reformation 4268 3.3.3. Organic Accretion Reactions 4269 3.4. Ionic Strength Effects and Treatment of Nonideal Solutions 4269 3.4.1. Radical Reactions 4269 3.4.2. Nonradical Reactions 4270 3.4.3. Salting-in and Salting-out 4270 3.4.4. Treatment of Nonideality in ALW Chemistry 4270 4. Photochemistry 4271 4.1. Inorganic Bulk Photolysis and Radical Sources 4.1.1. Hydrogen Peroxide Photolysis 4.1.2. Nitrite Photolysis 4.1.3. Photolysis of Chlorine-Containing Species 4.1.4. Peroxomonosulfate Photolysis 4.1.

This critical review addresses the atmospheric gas phase and aqueous phase amine chemistry that is relevant to potential emissions from amine-based carbon capture and storage (CCS). The focus is on amine, nitrosamine and nitramine degradation, and nitrosamine and nitramine formation processes. A comparison between the relative importance of the various atmospheric sinks for amines, nitrosamines and nitramines is presented.

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To quantify the effects of an advanced iron photochemistry scheme, the chemical aqueous-phase radical mechanism (CAPRAM 3.0i) has been updated with several new Fe(III)-carboxylate complex photolysis reactions. Newly introduced ligands are malonate, succinate, tartrate, tartronate, pyruvate, and glyoxalate. Model simulations show that more than 50% of the total Fe(III) is coordinated by oxalate and up to 20% of total Fe(III) is bound in the newly implemented 1:1 complexes with tartronate, malonate, and pyruvate. Up to 20% of the total Fe(III) is found in hydroxo and sulfato complexes. The fraction of [Fe(oxalate)2](-) and [Fe(pyruvate)](2+) is significantly higher during nighttime than during daytime, which points toward a strong influence of photochemistry on these species. Fe(III) complex photolysis is an important additional sink for tartronate, pyruvate, and oxalate, with a complex photolysis contribution to overall degradation of 46, 40, and 99%, respectively, compared to all possible sink reactions with atmospheric aqueous-phase radicals, such as (•)OH, NO3(•), and SO4(•) (-). Simulated aerosol particles have a much lower liquid water content than cloud droplets, thus leading to high concentrations of species and, consequently, an enhancement of the photolysis sink reactions in the aerosol particles. The simulations showed that Fe(III) photochemistry should not be neglected when considering the fate of carboxylic acids, which constitute a major part of aqueous secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA) in tropospheric cloud droplets and aqueous particles. Failure to consider this loss pathway has the potential to result in a significant overestimate of aqSOA production.

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Sunlight is a major driving force of atmospheric processes. A detailed knowledge of atmospheric photochemistry is therefore required in order to understand atmospheric chemistry and climate. Considerable progress has been made in this field in recent decades. This contribution will highlight a set of new and emerging ideas (and will therefore not provide a complete review of the field) mainly dealing with long wavelength photochemistry both in the gas phase and on a wide range of environmental surfaces. Besides this, some interesting bulk photochemistry processes are discussed. Altogether these processes have the potential to introduce new chemical pathways into tropospheric chemistry and may impact atmospheric radical formation.

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Technological innovation has frequently been shown to systematically change market structure and value creation. Additive manufacturing (AM), or, colloquially 3D printing, is such a disruptive technology (Berman 2012;Vance 2012). Economic analysis of AM still is scarce and has predominantly focused on production cost or other firm level aspects (e.g., Mellor et al. 2014;Petrovic et al. 2011;Ruffo and Hague 2007), but has neglected the study of AM on value creation and market structure. In this paper, we want to discuss the economic effects of AM on the locus of innovation and production. This is why we first review some current business models that successfully use AM as a source of value creation. Being a potential disruptive influence on market structures, we then discuss how AM may enable a more local production by users, supplementing the recent development of an upcoming infrastructure for innovating users and "Makers".