Quand il évoque les mercenaires, Isocrate les traite soit comme des soldats, combattants vaillants, soit comme des stipendiés, contraints par la misère à louer leurs services, soit comme des étrangers (le ξένος peut alors signifier le mercenaire), soit enfin comme des vagabonds. Si les jugements qu'il porte sur ces hommes sont parfois très durs, impitoyables, il faut noter aussi -et c'est ce sur quoi j'insiste ici -que le portrait qu'il brosse est beaucoup plus complexe : selon le contexte, les circonstances (καιροί) et le régime politique impliqué, il se fait accusateur ou bien plus humain, prenant en compte les difficultés économiques et familiales de ces individus. 6 Trundle 2004, spécialement pp. 10-21 pour la terminologie. 7 Marinovič 1988, voir chapitre VII, pp. 237-269, « Le mercenariat et la Grèce [Le mercenariat comme problème général de la Grèce] », avec les discours d'Isocrate comme source principale. Voir aussi Burck hardt 1996, pp. 180-196, « Isokrates », même s'il ne s'agit pas de la seule question du mercenariat, l'approche de la question étant essentiellement politique. 8 Sur l'importance de cette notion de kairos, voir Trédé 1992. 9 Voir Trundle 2004, p. 10 : le terme stratiōtēs est le mot neutre qui désigne tout type de soldat en grec classique. Chantraine 1968 signale que le mot stratos (sv) désigne « l'armée installée, qui campe ». 10 Busiris, 19, et Aréopagitique, 7, à propos des soldats lacédémoniens.
The belief that obscure dreams have meaning, that they can be understood in spite of their seeming incoherence, is shared by most cultures: the importance attributed to the interpretation of dreams comes up several times in such sacred texts as the Bible and Talmud, where it is warned that an uninterpreted dream is like an unopened letter. However, even if such a point of view may justify the interpretation of obscure dreams, it does not provide a basis for a systematic interpretive approach. Roger Caillois considered the will to interpretation &dquo;one of the noblest flaws of the human spirit,&dquo; defining it as &dquo;this passion to find meaning in what has none, and thus to derive meaning from the meaningless.&dquo;&dquo; And it is surely the human spirit's inherent need for intelligibility that underlies the desire to account for the existence of dreams, whether as a divine message or a symptom of neurosis.The act of interpretation consists of giving meaning to something that, at first glance, appears to have none; and this is done not arbitrarily but by discerning a meaning -with the help of methods created for this purpose -that is believed to be implicitly contained in the dream. Thus to interpret a dream we must explain it in relation to the context in which it takes it meaning. For Freud &dquo;the interpretation of a dream&dquo; requires specifying its &dquo;sense&dquo; and then replacing it with something that can fit within the chain of our psychic actions.2 However, the need for intelligibility does not in itself justify the systematic application of this approach. For one, some dreams are beyond interpretation, either because the immediate content of the dream reveals its meaning, or because the question of meaning seems irrelevant to the dream at hand. Nevertheless, interpretaat UNIV OF MICHIGAN on June 13, 2015 dio.sagepub.com Downloaded from
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