Spatial perception is biased by action. Hills appear steeper and distances appear farther to individuals who would have to exert more effort to transverse the space. Objects appear closer, smaller, and faster when they are easier to obtain. Athletes who are playing better than others see their targets as bigger. These phenomena are collectively known as action-specific effects on perception. In this target article, we review evidence for action-specific effects, including evidence that they reflect genuine differences in perception, and speculate on possible applications of action's influence on vision.
Though it has been reported that air traffic controllers' (ATCos') performance improves with the aid of a conflict resolution aid (CRA), the effects of imperfect automation on CRA are so far unknown. The main objective of this study was to examine the effects of imperfect automation on conflict resolution. Twelve students with ATC knowledge were instructed to complete ATC tasks in four CRA conditions including reliable, unreliable and high time pressure, unreliable and low time pressure, and manual conditions. Participants were able to resolve the designated conflicts more accurately and faster in the reliable versus unreliable CRA conditions. When comparing the unreliable CRA and manual conditions, unreliable CRA led to better conflict resolution performance and higher situation awareness. Surprisingly, high time pressure triggered better conflict resolution performance as compared to the low time pressure condition. The findings from the present study highlight the importance of CRA in future ATC operations. Practitioner Summary: Conflict resolution aid (CRA) is a proposed automation decision aid in air traffic control (ATC). It was found in the present study that CRA was able to promote air traffic controllers' performance even when it was not perfectly reliable. These findings highlight the importance of CRA in future ATC operations.
Resources supplied (effort invested) Level of Performance "Red line" (actually a red zone) Reserve capacity region Overload Region Workload (resources required) Single-or multitask.FIGURE 18.1. The concept of the red line, illustrating the two regions of workload.
In support of NASA's modeling and simulation goals to predict the effects of operator fatigue on performance, research findings from the literature on the effect of acute sleep deprivation on performance of complex cognitive tasks were quantitatively synthesized. Regression models of performance over continuous hours of wakefulness demonstrated complex cognitive task performance decrements for both speed and accuracy, with the greater performance decrement on speed over continuous hours of wakefulness. Circadian effects were also examined and reveal a greater decrement to both speed and accuracy performance over continuous hours of wakefulness during the circadian night than circadian day.
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