Global electricity markets are undergoing a rapid transformation in their energy mix to meet commitments towards sustainable electric grids. This change in energy mix engenders significant challenges, specifically concerning the management of non-dispatchable energy resources. System and market operators are required to meet power system security and reliability requirements whilst providing electricity at competitive prices. An overview of electricity markets is provided in this paper with a critical appraisal of each market’s ability to manage the large-scale energy mix transition. This paper provides a commentary on the distinct features of electricity market models implemented around the world and highlights the barriers within these market models that are hindering the energy mix transition. Various researchers and policymakers are proposing solutions and market reforms for the smooth transitioning of the energy mix. This paper presents a systematic review of the proposed solutions in the literature and critiques the effectiveness and ease of implementation of the reviewed solutions. Research gaps and future research directions are indicated to promote further exploration towards the effective integration of large-scale renewable energy technologies.
The proposed algorithm contributes towards an automated power distribution system, which optimally restores the power supply of the network by changing the existing topology, during an unplanned power outage. By automatic reconfiguration of the network, a fault can be isolated and power can be supplied to customers who are downstream of the fault section. BPSO technique has been implemented, which ensures maximum customer connectivity and minimum power losses while maintaining a radial topology which has acceptable voltage profile, allowable thermal limits and protection selectivity. Simultaneously, new protection settings are generated for the proposed network topology, thus preventing any compromise to grid's integrity. The proposed algorithm was tested for an IEEE 33-bus distribution network on MATLAB simulation platform. The generated network configuration achieved an optimal postfault topology. The proposed algorithm automates the process of power restoration and thereby reduces the work for engineers and improves the reliability of distribution networks.
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