Objectives-The association between cognitive function and cholesterol levels is poorly understood and inconsistent results exist among the elderly. The purpose of this study is to investigate the association of cholesterol level with cognitive performance among Chinese elderly.Design-A cross-sectional study was implemented in 2012 and data were analyzed using generalized additive models, linear regression models and logistic regression models. Conflict of interestThe authors declare that there are no conflicts of interests. Ethical standardsThe authors declare that all the experiments of this study complied with the current laws of China in which they were performed. HHS Public Access Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author ManuscriptSetting-Community-based setting in eight longevity areas in China.Subjects-A total of 2000 elderly aged 65 years and over (mean 85.8±12.0 years) participated in this study. Measurements-Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration were determined and cognitive impairment was defined as Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score≤23.Results-There was a significant positive linear association between TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C and MMSE score in linear regression models. Each 1 mmol/L increase in TC, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C corresponded to a decreased risk of cognitive impairment in logistic regression models. Compared with the lowest tertile, the highest tertile of TC, LDL-C and HDL-C had a lower risk of cognitive impairment. The adjusted odds ratios and 95% CI were 0.73(0.62-0.84) for TC, 0.81(0.70-0.94) for LDL-C and 0.81(0.70-0.94) for HDL-C. There was no gender difference in the protective effects of high TC and LDL-C levels on cognitive impairment. However, for high HDL-C levels the effect was only observed in women. High TC, LDL-C and HDL-C levels were associated with lower risk of cognitive impairment in the oldest old (aged 80 and older), but not in the younger elderly (aged 65 to 79 years).Conclusions-These findings suggest that cholesterol levels within the high normal range are associated with better cognitive performance in Chinese elderly, specifically in the oldest old. With further validation, low cholesterol may serve a clinical indicator of risk for cognitive impairment in the elderly.
Objectives To evaluate the association between vitamin D status and cognitive impairment (CI) in elderly aged 60 years and above Design Cross-sectional cohort study Setting Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey, a community-based cohort study in longevity areas in China Participants Individuals with mean age of 84.9 (± 12.7) (n=2004) Measurements Participants’ cognitive state was evaluated using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Vitamin D in plasma was measured using enzyme-linked immunoassay. Results The cross-sectional association between quartiles of plasma vitamin D level and CI (MMSE score <18) was modeled using logistic regressions. Plasma vitamin D levels were lower in individuals with CI compared to those without (31.9 (±15.3) versus 45.6 (±19.6)nmol/L). There was a reverse association between plasma vitamin D and CI. After adjusting for age, gender, chronic conditions, smoking and drinking habits, outdoor activities, depression, and Activities of Daily Living limitations, the association remained significant. The multivariable adjusted odds ratio for lowest versus highest vitamin D levels was 2.15 (1.05–4.41) for CI, and the multivariable odds ratio associated with 1-SD decrement of plasma vitamin D was 1.32 (1.00–1.74) for CI. Conclusion In our sample population, low plasma vitamin D levels were associated with increased odds of CI. Further prospective studies in Asian populations are needed to examine the causal direction of this association.
Background Oxidative stress is an important theory of aging but population-based evidence has been lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the associations between biomarkers of oxidative stress, including plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA), with all-cause mortality in older adults. Methods This is a community-based cohort study of 2224 participants (women:1227, median age: 86 years). We included individuals aged 65 or above and with plasma SOD activity and/or MDA tests at baseline. We evaluated the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by multivariable Cox models. Results We documented 858 deaths during six years of follow-up. There was a significant interaction effect of sex with the association between SOD activity and mortality ( P < 0.001). Compared with the lowest quintile, the risk of all-cause mortality was inversely associated with increasing quintiles of plasma SOD activity in women( P -trend< 0.001), with adjusted HRs for the second through fifth quintiles of 0.73 (95% CI 0.53–1.02), 0.52(95% CI 0.38–0.72), 0.53(95% CI 0.39–0.73), and 0.48(95% CI 0.35–0.66). There were no significant associations between SOD activity and mortality in men ( P -trend = 0.64), and between MDA and mortality in all participants ( P -trend = 0.79). Conclusions Increased activity of SOD was independently associated with lower all-cause mortality in older women but not in men. This epidemiological study lent support for the free radical/oxidative stress theory of aging. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12877-019-1109-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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