Automated pavement crack detection and measurement are important road issues. Agencies have to guarantee the improvement of road safety. Conventional crack detection and measurement algorithms can be extremely time-consuming and low efficiency. Therefore, recently, innovative algorithms have received increased attention from researchers. In this paper, we propose an ensemble of convolutional neural networks (without a pooling layer) based on probability fusion for automated pavement crack detection and measurement. Specifically, an ensemble of convolutional neural networks was employed to identify the structure of small cracks with raw images. Secondly, outputs of the individual convolutional neural network model for the ensemble were averaged to produce the final crack probability value of each pixel, which can obtain a predicted probability map. Finally, the predicted morphological features of the cracks were measured by using the skeleton extraction algorithm. To validate the proposed method, some experiments were performed on two public crack databases (CFD and AigleRN) and the results of the different state-of-theart methods were compared. To evaluate the efficiency of crack detection methods, three parameters were considered: precision (Pr), recall (Re) and F1 score (F1). For the two public databases of pavement images, the proposed method obtained the highest values of the three evaluation parameters: for the CFD database, Pr = 0.9552, Re = 0.9521 and F1 = 0.9533 (which reach values up to 0.5175 higher than the values obtained on the same database with the other methods), for the AigleRN database, Pr = 0.9302, Re = 0.9166 and F1 = 0.9238 (which reach values up to 0.7313 higher than the values obtained on the same database with the other methods). The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the other methods. For crack measurement, the crack length and width can be measure based on different crack types (complex, common, thin, and intersecting cracks.). The results show that the proposed algorithm can be effectively applied for crack measurement.
The hybrid microwave optomechanical-magnetic system has recently emerged as a promising candidate for coherent information processing because of the ultrastrong microwave photon-magnon coupling and the longlife of the magnon and phonon. As a quantum information processing device, the realization of single excitation holds special meaning for the hybrid system. In this paper, we introduce a single two-level atom into the optomechanical-magnetic system and show that an unconventional blockade due to destructive interference cannot offer a blockade of both the photon and magnon. Meanwhile under the condition of single excitation resonance, the blockade of photon, phonon, and magnon can be achieved simultaneously even in a weak optomechanical region, but the phonon blockade still requires the cryogenic temperature condition.
Although quantum synchronization phenomena and corresponding measures have been widely discussed recently, it is still an open question how to characterize directly the influence of nonlocal correlation, which is the key distinction for identifying classical and quantum synchronizations. In this paper, we present basic postulates for quantifying quantum synchronization based on the related theory in Mari's work [Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 103605 (2013)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.111.103605], and we give a general formula of a quantum synchronization measure with clear physical interpretations. By introducing Pearson's parameter, we show that the obvious characteristics of our measure are the relativity and monotonicity. As an example, the measure is applied to describe synchronization among quantum optomechanical systems under a Markovian bath. We also show the potential by quantifying generalized synchronization and discrete variable synchronization with this measure.
We reexamine quantum correlation from the fundamental perspective of its consanguineous quantum property, the coherence. We emphasize the importance of specifying the tensor product structure of the total state space before discussing quantum correlation. A measure of quantum correlation for arbitrary dimension bipartite states using nonlocal coherence is proposed, and it can be easily generalized to the multipartite case. The quantification of non-entangled component within quantum correlation is investigated for certain states.
Achieving an ideal light-harvesting system at a low cost remains a challenge. Herein, we report the synthesis of a hybrid dye system based on tetraphenylene (TPE) encapsulated organic dyes in a continuous flow microreactor. The composite dye nanoparticles (NPs) are synthesized based on supramolecular self-assembly to achieve the co-emission of aggregation-induced emission dyes and aggregation-caused quenching dyes (CEAA). Numerical simulations and molecular spectroscopy were used to investigate the synthesis mechanism of the CEAA dyes. Nanoparticles of CEAA dyes provide a platform for efficient cascade Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). Composite dye nanoparticles of TPE and Nile red (NiR) are synthesized for an ideal light-harvesting system using coumarin 6 (C-6) as an energy intermediate. The light-harvesting system has a considerable red-shift distance (~126 nm), high energy-transfer efficiency (ΦET) of 99.37%, and an antenna effect of 26.23. Finally, the versatility of the preparation method and the diversity of CEAA dyes are demonstrated.
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