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The larvae of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, contain high amounts of protein and fat, and so are a good feed source. However, this high fat content hinders the production of such feed. The excess fat must thus be removed to enable the larvae to be used as a feedstock e.g., for aquaculture and livestock. Firstly, the use of hot water treatment as a strategy for extracting fat from dried larvae was tested. It was found that this process reduced the fat content of the raw material (from 30 to about 16%). However, the resulting product was still not suitable for feed processing. Next, the use of a carbon dioxide supercritical extraction system on crushed larvae was studied. This system time-dependently reduced the fat content to less than 6.6% and less than 4.6% after treatments for 2 and 6 h, respectively, with a pressure of 350 bar used on larval particles of 10-18 mesh in size. Therefore, subjecting 10-18 mesh crushed larval powder to carbon dioxide supercritical extraction at 350 bar for 6 h yielded a larval powder with a fat content of 5% or less. Based on this finding, this method is proposed to be a suitable alternative for further processing of larvae feedstock.

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This study was carried out to obtain a basic data for application in meat products via examination of bioactive materials from Cirsium japonicum var. Ussuriense tuber. Hot water extract showed high activities against BC (Bacillus cereus) and ST (Salmonella Typhimurium) as well as inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production. The supernatant of methanol fractionation (MS)50 and MS70 exhibited antibacterial activity against BC, whereas the precipitated pellet of methanol fractionation (MP)30 and MS50 showed the activity against ST. DPPH radical scavenging activity showed the highest value in MP50, but exhibited higher value in the supernatant than in the precipitated pellet. NO production in BV2 cells treated with LPS was highly inhibited in MS50 and MS70, but the activity in RAW 264.7 cells showed a high inhibition rate in MS70. As a result of ethyl acetate partition, antimicrobial activity showed high values in organic and water phases of ethyl acetate partition (MS70EAO and MS70EAW) against BC, but presented high activity in MS70EAW against ST. MS70EAO showed the highest NO production inhibition rate in BV2 and RAW 264.7 cells. In purification of Sep-Pak R18, the NO activity was showed by higher values by MS70EAO.FT (flow through), MS70EAW.FT, and MP70EAW.FT in BV2 cells, whereas observed by broad fractions in RAW264.7 cells. In summary, since the partially purified bioactive materials from C. japonicum have variously biological activities, we suggest that it is possibility of application to functional meat products.

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