BACKGROUNDLower Respiratory Tract Infections (LRTIs) is one of the leading infective health problems worldwide. The inappropriate use of antibiotics for these infections has led to a dramatic increase in antibiotic resistance among the respiratory pathogens. The choice of antibiotics for the treatment of LRTIs has become limited.
BACKGROUNDUrinary Tract Infections (UTI) are a leading health problem affecting millions of people every year. In the hospital setting, it is a very important reason for increased hospital stay, increased morbidity and mortality. Multiple antibiotic resistance among uropathogens has compounded the problem. Community-and hospital-acquired UTIs differ with regard to aetiology, epidemiology, and antibiotic susceptibility profile.
BACKGROUND Nonfermentative Gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB), once regarded as contaminants, have now gained high relevance as opportunistic pathogens which are usually multidrug resistant. AIM Identification of nonfermentative Gram-negative bacilli isolated from clinical samples during the study period and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital for a period of 6 months. NFGNB isolated from clinical samples were identified by standard procedures and antibiotic susceptibility test was performed for the most frequently isolated nonfermenter, P. aeruginosa. RESULTS Majority of the NFGNB isolates were recovered from pus samples (36.36%), miscellaneous specimens ranking second (33.52%). P. aeruginosa was the most common isolate (76.70%) followed by Acinetobacter baumannii (15.90%). P. aeruginosa isolates were most susceptible to piperacillin/tazobactam (71.85%), followed by meropenem (71.11%), and least susceptible to tobramycin (31.85%). CONCLUSION As NFGNB have emerged as an important group of organisms responsible for causing multidrug resistant infections particularly in hospitals, their identification to the species level is necessary. Maintenance of a high quality of infection control practices and judicious use of antibiotics are the cornerstone in the control of these microbes.
Background: Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by spirochetes bacteria Leptospira spp. and is reported from all over the world. As the clinical signs and symptoms of Leptospirosis often are nonspecific and the disease is early mistaken for other major infectious febrile illness, laboratory test to confirm the clinical diagnosis thus is essential for optimal treatment and patient management.Methods: Serum and urine samples were collected from patients clinically suspected cases of Leptospirosis. Preparations of urine concentrate by precipitation and centrifugation.Results: It was interesting to note that immunoglobulins are present in the urine protein concentrate of patients with Leptospirosis on the day of admission in the hospital, with urine albumin reports either positive or negative. By ELISA test it was noted that antibodies present in urine and serum were of both IgM and IgG class against the Leptospiral antigens from three pathogenic serovars and one non-pathogenicserovars. In the immunospot test which was done and compared with standard ELISA test for serum antibodies using same antigen showed that antibodies present in urine protein concentrate, which was collected on the day of admission when patients come with suspecting symptoms of Leptospirosis.Conclusions: Proteinuria is the most frequent abnormality noted in all patients at some stage of illness. This is the first report on the presence of immunoglobulins in urine samples, which were found to be of IgM and IgG classes. These findings are of significant diagnostic potential as a simple immune-spot test can be done for detecting anti-leptospiral antibodies in urine samples of suspected cases. The present attempt was aimed at developing an immunospot test, a simple and rapid diagnostic test to detect Leptospirosis using urine samples of clinically suspected patients of the infection at the earliest. It was found to be in good correlation with standard ELISA method which is being used to detect serum antibodies in Leptospira infected patients using the same antigen.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumanii are aerobic non fermenting gram negative opportunistic pathogens that are major causes of nosocomial infections. Both these microorganisms thrive well in nutrient-deprived conditions and are responsible for a wide spectrum of infections. They show a higher predilection for infection in patients with diminished host defenses. Intensive care units are considered the epicenter of antibiotic resistant infections. Outbreaks are mainly associated with invasive procedures, cross infection via the hands of health staff and prolonged use of broad spectrum antibiotics. The rapidly spreading nature of carbapenem resistance among these organisms has raised concern over the reliability of carbapenems in managing critically ill patients. Successful management of multidrug resistant infections depends on strict compliance to infection control measures and judicious antibiotic use. The main aim of this study includes to isolate and identify Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii from endotracheal secretions and perform their antibiotic susceptibility test. Also to establish the prevalence of these organisms in ventilated patients in intensive care units. Approval was obtained from the ethics committee and waiver of informed consent was sought. The samples for this cross-sectional study were endotracheal secretions from patients, processed using standard microbiological procedures and antibiotic susceptibility testing done using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. After incubation the results were read and interpreted as per CLSI guidelines. Non-fermenters constituted 60.24% of the isolates recovered from the 83 endotracheal secretion samples. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common non-fermenter isolated (54%), followed by Acinetobacter baumanii (30%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most commonly isolated non-fermenter (54%) followed by Acinetobacter baumannii(30%). From our study, aminoglycosides like amikacin and gentamicin were found to have good efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Acinetobacter baumannii remained highly resistant to most of the antibiotics tested except colistin and tigecycline.
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