The current study highlights a novel bio-sorbent design based on polyelectrolyte multi-layers (PEM) biopolymeric material. First layer was composed of sodium alginate and the second was constituted of citric acid and k-carrageenan. The PEM system was crosslinked to non-woven cellulosic textile material. Resulting materials were characterized using FT-IR, SEM, and thermal analysis (TGA and DTA). FT-IR analysis confirmed chemical interconnection of PEM bio-sorbent system. SEM features indicated that the microspaces between fibers were filled with layers of functionalizing polymers. PEM exhibited higher surface roughness compared to virgin sample. This modification of the surface morphology confirmed the stability and the effectiveness of the grafting method. Virgin cellulosic sample decomposed at 370 °C. However, PEM samples decomposed at 250 °C and 370 °C, which were attributed to the thermal decomposition of crosslinked sodium alginate and k-carrageenan and cellulose, respectively. The bio-sorbent performances were evaluated under different experimental conditions including pH, time, temperature, and initial dye concentration. The maximum adsorbed amounts of methylene blue are 124.4 mg/g and 522.4 mg/g for the untreated and grafted materials, respectively. The improvement in dye sorption evidenced the grafting of carboxylate and sulfonate groups onto cellulose surface. Adsorption process complied well with pseudo-first-order and Langmuir equations.
The adsorption phenomenon using low-cost adsorbents that are abundant in nature is of great interest when the adsorbed capacity is significant. A newly designed natural polyelectrolyte multi-layered (PEM) biopolymeric system-based chitosan/modified chitosan polymer and functionalized cellulosic nonwoven material was prepared and used as an effective adsorbent for Reactive Red 198 (RR198) dye solutions. The bio-sorbent was characterized by FTIR, SEM, and thermal (TGA/DTA) analysis. The swelling behavior was also evaluated, showing the great increase of the hydrophilicity of the prepared adsorbent biopolymer. The effect of various process parameters on the performance of RR198 dye removal such as pH, contact time, temperature, and initial dye concentration was studied. The biopolymeric system has shown good efficiency of adsorption compared to other adsorbents based on chitosan polymer. The highest adsorption capacity was found to be 722.3 mgg−1 at pH = 4 (ambient temperature, time = 120 min and dye concentration = 600 mg L−1). The adsorption process fitted well to both pseudo-second-order kinetics and Freundlich/Temkin adsorption isotherm models. Regarding its low cost, easy preparation, and promising efficient adsorption results, this new concepted multi-layered bio-sorbent could be an effective solution for the treatment of industrial wastewater.
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