Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most prevalent extra-intestinal bacterial infections. It is a common disease encountered in medical practice affecting people of all ages, from neonate to geriatric age group. These infections are on the increase for outpatients attending Primary Health Centres in Anambra State, Nigeria, therefore the need for this study. The prevalence rate of urinary tract infection, age distribution and influence of sex were determined. Susceptibility pattern of the infectious organisms to antimicrobial agent were examined. Clean-catch midstream urine samples were collected and examined. Out of 3000 urine samples examined, 528 bacterial isolates were recovered and characterized. These include: Escherichia coli (24.2%), Klebsiella spp. (18.2%), Staphylococcus aureus (18.2%), Proteus mirabilis (9.1%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.1%), Enterococcus faecalis (9.1%), Citrobacter intermedius (6.1%) and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (6.1%). More females (52%) were infected than males (48%) and in both sexes, the highest incidence was found amongst the age group, 26 -38 years. Gram negative rods had the highest incidence in both sexes. Among the towns in Anambra state, Umunya in southern province was observed to have the highest incidence rate of UTI. Susceptibility test of the bacterial isolates to antimicrobial agents showed that Staphylococcus aureus was sensitive to Cephalexin, Penicillin V, Erythromycin and Gentamycin while Pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistant to all the antibiotics. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. were resistant to all the antibiotics except Gentamycin while Citrobacter intermedius was resistant only to Cephalexin and Erythromycin. This study provides the evidence of urinary tract infections amongst outpatients of primary health centres and the drugs for their control.
The challenges of hunger in Africa, caused by food insecurity can only be mitigated by enhanced food security and food safety measures. Food safety has a significant role in ensuring food security. A primary cause of food insecurity is the decline in global food productivity. It is also a problem of poverty which has impacted adversely on the socio-economic life of its citizens. Africa is endowed with land resource that if transformed towards agricultural productivity has the capacity to ensure food security and sustainability. Agriculture, of which 85-90 per cent is rain-fed in sub-Saharan Africa, accounts for 35 percent of the region’s gross national product (GNP), 40 percent of exports and 70 percent of employment. Africa needs to leverage on agricultural innovation so as to boost its regional food output. It is essential that production and provision of safe food be given the attention it deserves by addressing the numerous challenges facing it so as to stimulate economic growth and ensure food security and safety in the African continent.
Bacillus thuringiensis EC1, isolated from the fermented oil bean seed, Pentachletra macrophila Benthan, produced a methionine yield of 1.89 mg/ml. The influence of cultural conditions on methionine accumulation by B. thuringiensis EC1 showed that a 20% medium/fermenter volume ratio and a 5% inoculum size increased methionine yield. The carbon of choice was maltose and at 8% level stimulated methionine production. Among the nitrogen sources studied, ammonium sulphate was found to be the best and at 1% concentration produced a methionine yield of 2.56 mg/ml. All growth-promoting substances and their mixtures enhanced methionine accumulation by B. thuringiensis EC1. The effect of Vitamins on methionine production showed that riboflavin and thiamine HCl at 1.0 µg/ml yielded 2.49 mg/ml and 2.80 mg/ml methionine respectively. The influence of bivalent metals on methionine accumulation indicated that Zn 2+ at all concentration stimulated methionine production. Mg 2+ and Ba 2+ at 0.1 µg/ml and 10.0 µg/ml respectively improved methionine yield. Optimizing the cultural conditions of B. thuringiensis EC1 in submerged medium gave a methionine yield of 3.18 mg/ml.
Introduction: The efficient ethanol production using Saccharomyces spp. isolated from palm wine in utilizing industrial wastes (cassava pulp and peel) was studied in the liquid state fermentation process. Methods: The percentage alcohol in the cassava pulp and peel was obtained by digesting the cassava waste with three different commercial exogenous enzymes which include alpha amylase (Termamyl), Amyloglucosidase (AMG), β-glucanase t a-amylase (Cereflo) and fermenting with yeast (Saccharomyces spp.) isolated from palm wine. The combination of two enzymes in starch hydrolysis produced more sugars than individual enzyme usage and also yielded more of ethanol when compared to a single enzyme activity. It was also observed that AMG combined with Termamyl yielded 2.05% ethanol. Cereflo combined with Termamyl yielded 1.6% ethanol while Tennamyl alone yielded 1.26% ethanol from cassava pulp. However, it was also observed that AMG combined with Termamyl yielded 0.46% ethanol, Cereflo combined with Termamyl yielded 0.73% ethanol while Termamyl alone yielded 0.33% ethanol from cassava peel. Results: This implies that ethanol produced from cassava pulp is higher than ethanol produced from cassava peel, since the cassava pulp contains high starch than the peel. Conclusions: These digestions using these enzymes and subsequent ethanol production can go a long way in waste management for economic purposes.
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