We studied paraphenylenediamine (PPD)-related acute kidney injury (AKI) in 81 patients and also in albino rats experimentally. In the patients' group AKI was found in 32.7%. Of them, 81.4% needed dialysis support. The overall mortality was 25.9%. In experimental rats the renal lesions were noted in all and they were glomerular congestion, intertubular (interstitial) hemorrhages, acute tubular necrosis, mesangial proliferation, and intratubular casts. The severity of renal injury appears to be dose dependent.
Mastitis is an important economic disease causing production losses in dairy industry. Antibiotics are becoming ineffective in controlling mastitis due to the emergence of resistant strains requiring the development of novel therapeutic agents. In this study, the authors present the phytochemical synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with acetyl-11-α-keto-βboswellic acid and evaluation of their activity in Staphylococcus aureus induced murine mastitis. Boswellic acid mediated AgNP (BANS) were oval, polydispersed (99.8 nm) with an minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.033 µg ml −1 against S. aureus, inhibitory concentration (IC 50) of 30.04 µg ml −1 on mouse splenocytes and safe at an in vivo acute oral dose of 3.5 mg kg −1 in mice. Mastitis was induced in lactating mice by inoculating S. aureus (log 10 5.60 cfu) and treated 6 h post-inoculation with BANS (0.12 mg kg −1 , intramammary and intraperitoneal), and cefepime (1 mg kg −1 , intraperitoneal). S. aureus inoculated mice showed increased bacterial load, neutrophil infiltration in mammary glands and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) in serum. Oxidative stress was also observed with elevated malondialdehyde level, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. BANS treatment significantly (P < 0.05) reduced bacterial load, CRP, SOD, CAT activities and neutrophil infiltration in affected mammary glands. BANS could be a potential therapeutic agent for managing bovine mastitis.
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