Highlights Shows updated understanding of SARS-CoV-2, including the interaction between ACE 2 and the viral spike protein. More effective vaccines are required for immunocompromised cancer patients. Cancer alters the immune system through different levels of D-Dimer, albumin, prothrombin, and neutrophils. Nanomaterials assist vaccine delivery, including viral vector and mRNA vaccines with lipid nanoparticles.

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This chapter X-rayed antimalarial drug resistance (ADR) by plasmodium species with a particular focus on P. falciparum, which is the most deadly species of the malaria parasite responsible for over 90% of the global malaria burden domiciled in Sub-Saharan Africa. The introduction intently looked at malaria therapeutics across the decades and the development of drug resistance by the parasite. With the malaria parasite (P. falciparum) as the focal point, the mechanisms by which they develop resistance to antimalarial drugs was looked at, including factors affecting drug resistance development. Armed with this knowledge, the chapter also highlighted the therapeutic interventions taken against this hydra-headed monster together with their limitations and recent advances towards addressing those limitations or opening new frontiers for research exploration. Future perspectives that will provide research strategy and direction as possible tools for combating drug resistance development by the malaria parasite were also discussed.

Aim: Anterior eye segment disorders are treated with eye drops and ointments, which have low ocular bioavailability necessitating the need for improved alternatives. Lipid microsuspension of gentamicin sulphate was developed for the treatment of susceptible eye diseases. Materials & methods: Lipid microsuspensions encapsulating gentamicin sulphate were produced by hot homogenization and evaluated. Ex vivo permeation and ocular irritancy tests were also conducted. Results & conclusion: Stable microsuspensions with high entrapment efficiency and satisfactory osmolarities were obtained. Release studies achieved 49–88% in vitro release at 12 h with sustained permeability of gentamicin compared with conventional gentamicin eye drop (Evril®). No irritation was observed following Draize’s test. The microsuspensions have great potential as ocular delivery system of gentamicin sulphate.