Ghrelin and leptin are hunger hormones related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and the pathogenesis of T2DM is the abnormality in insulin secretion and insulin resistance (IR). The aim of this study is to evaluate ghrelin and leptin concentrations in blood and to specify the relationship of these hormones as dependent variables with some biochemical and clinical measurements in T2DM patients. In this study, forty one T2DM and forty three non-diabetes mellitus (non-DM) subjects, aged between 40-60 years and with normal weight, were enrolled. Fasting serum ghrelin and leptin were estimated by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In our results ghrelin was significantly increased, and leptin was significantly decreased, in T2DM patients compared with non-DM subjects. Ghrelin was positively correlated with the fasting blood glucose (FBG) and IR, but inversely related to the insulin sensitivity (IS). Leptin was negatively correlated with mean arterial pressure (MAP), FBG, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), IR, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, nitric oxide (NO), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), as well as showed a linear correlation with IS and a strong dependence on sex. The area under the curve (AUC) value shows ghrelin and leptin as biomarkers for T2DM. In conclusion ghrelin and leptin hormones have predictive ability to predict T2DM, as they are significantly associated with IR, IS, free radicals, and lipid profile.
Background: Orexin-A is an orexigenic hormone that plays an important role in the metabolism of blood glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance (IR). The pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is related to the abnormality in insulin and IR. However, no sufficient studies to date have clearly shown the association of orexin-A with biochemical parameters related to T2DM. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the relation of orexin-A with IR and how they associate with physiological changes in T2DM patients. Understanding this relation will offer some pharmacological tools to reduce some complications in diabetes. Materials and Methods: A total of 41 T2DM and 43 non-DM subjects, aged between 40-60 years with body mass index (BMI) ≤25 kg/m2, participated in the present study. Fasting serum orexin-A, IR, fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), lipid profile, liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST)), nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) parameters were evaluated. Orexin-A was evaluated by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For statistical analysis, GraphPad Prism 7.0 and SPSS version 24.0 programs were used. Results: Orexin-A was positively correlated with blood pressure, FBG, HbA1c, insulin, and IR but inversely related to insulin sensitivity (IS), leptin, and gender. Stepwise multiple regression presented HOMA-IR, diastolic blood pressure, and very-low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol as predictors for orexin-A. The area under control value showed orexin-A, FBG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, IS, ALT, AST, NO and MDA as biomarkers for T2DM disease. Conclusion: Orexin-A has a predictive ability to diagnose T2DM, as it is significantly associated with hyperglycemia, IR, and IS.
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