Mental rotation is an important spatial processing ability and an important element in intelligence tests. However, the majority of past attempts at training mental rotation have used paper‐and‐pencil tests or digital images. This study proposes an innovative mental rotation training approach using magnetic motion controllers to allow learners to manipulate and interact with three‐dimensional (3D) objects. Stereovision allows learners to perceive the spatial geometric form of a 3D object. This approach allows learners to perceive 3D objects in space through stereovision and make mental rotation visible from each intrinsic and invisible mental rotation step using motion‐interaction methods. This study examines the effects of user training performance and perceptions. The results indicate that the proposed approach can improve user mental rotation ability effectively. Learners expressed high degrees of concentration toward the mechanism that included direct control and immediate feedback. The results also suggest that female testers perceive greater degrees of playfulness toward the mechanism and improve more through training than male testers.
Web-based curriculum development allows students to develop their learning portfolio and interact with peers on a Web learning system. This system contains Web portfolios that record in detail students' learning activities, peer interaction, and knowledge progress. However, teachers cannot easily diagnose students' learning processes and regulate effective strategies according to student activity performance without the model of activity performance on Web learning systems. This study proposes a novel methodology that employs Bayesian network software to assist teachers in efficiently deriving and utilizing the student model of activity performance from Web portfolios in an online manner. Teachers can assess and diagnose performances with the model of learning activity on Web learning systems. The model of activity performance also allows teachers to manage various activity performances in Web learning systems so that desired strategies can be achieved to promote learning effectiveness.
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