Guided by Bass and Avolio's leadership frameworks and Hofstede's modified cultural dimensions, the present cross-cultural study aims to compare and explore the relationships between cultural values and anticipated female leadership styles in nonprofit organizations in Taiwan and the United States. Regression and t-test analyses of 307 participants in 138 Rotary Clubs in the two societies reveal two research findings. First, Rotary Club members in Taiwan have higher scores in all the cultural dimensions of collectivism, masculinity, and lifelong relationships than their U.S. counterparts. Second, transformational leadership proves to be the most anticipated leadership style among Rotary Club members in both cultures. The research findings indicate that culture alone cannot account for the anticipated female leadership styles. Therefore, a combination of Bass's culturally universal approach and Hofstede's culturally specific approach is proposed to tackle more variables in future female leadership studies.

Purpose-This study aims to explore the policy-making mechanism of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) on innovation and the US practice in identifying policies on online copyright protection and innovation. The research findings provide valuable implications for emerging economies like China. Design/methodology/approach-For data collection, this study adopted field observation of online interactions. Guided by the democratic paradigm of the civil society, state, and market and the theory of the government's roles as a broker, advocator, and facilitator, thematic analysis was applied to analyze the 150 purposively selected comments of US internet stakeholders for emerging themes and implications. Findings-While the USA exemplified the OECD guidance by reaching out to all internet stakeholders, most of whom call for a neutral internet and reduce innovation barriers through technological and market solutions, the US online copyright protection policies are expected to bring incentives fairly to all internet stakeholders rather than the historically weighted copyright holders and content industries. Originality/value-This study is the first academic effort in exploring the US practice of the OECD innovation guidelines by identifying online copyright and innovation policies. The implications of this study are valuable to not only the internet policy-makers of the OECD member countries but also emerging economies, especially like China which desires long-term innovation but keeps censoring the internet with its growing firewall.

Radhika Gajjala In this study I scrutinize blogs written by American expatriates in China of the 21 st century. Two primary objectives are involved. One is to explore how China is represented in such blogs. The other is to understand the discursive processes through which the American bloggers utilize the blogging technology to narrate their (mis)conceptions of the Chinese realities. Equally important to these two focuses is an emphasis on revealing a delicate interplay between the production of the digital discourses about contemporary China in blog sphere, the bloggers' assumptions of the Chinese government's encompassing control of the Internet, and the surging nationalism exhibited by the Chinese readers of the blogs. Drawing from the postcolonial and discursive perspectives of Edward Said, Mary Louise Pratt, David Spurr, and Nicolas Clifford, I see those blogs not merely as a platform for self expression, an open field of identity experiment, or a grassroots journalistic outlet. Rather, I argue that the blogs examined here consist of a distinct discursive space of cultural representation and contestation. They are also interpreted as a digital extension of conventional Euro-American travel writing as they share with the genre a set of rhetorical conventions and face the same set of problems of representing the cultural Other. These assumptions guided the multimodal discourse analyses of the blogs by three American individuals. The study revealed that the bloggers used three prominent metaphors to convey their perceptions of contemporary China, which echo the conventional Western knowledge of the county. During the process, the bloggers are concerned with the Chinese censorship of the Internet and give little attention to the challenge voiced by nationalistic Chinese readers. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS After nearly three years of researching and writing I finally put a period to this dissertation, but only temporarily. In the back of my mind, I know the completion of this manuscript marks a beginning, not an end. What I finished is laying down the very foundation upon which future and more in-depth academic interrogation will be built. As much excited as I am about and fully committed to the future undertakings, I'd like to pause momentarily to recognize the people whose advice, support, encouragement, friendship, and love kept me believing in myself and kept pushing me to give my very best throughout the research and writing process. Even though a dissertation is usually considered as a creation solely of its author's individual's time, toil, and tenacity, I seriously doubt I could go thus far without being surrounded and counseled by these wonderful people. My foremost appreciation goes to Dr. Radhika Gajjala. She is the kind of advisor that anyone could dream of. It was she who has tirelessly encouraged me to pursue a career in academia. She has introduced me to critical perspectives and has challenged me to embrace new theoretical advances. I have always been amazed by the genuine passion and curiosity that she ...

Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to explore the Chinese and American efforts in keeping the balance of innovation and copyright protection, with an emphasis on China's strategies under Western, especially American pressure. The research findings are expected to enhance mutual efforts from the two countries to protect copyright and boost innovation and facilitate genuine communication between both sides in their decade-long intellectual property right (IPR) disputes. Design/methodology/approach-For data collection, this study adopted in-depth interviews of 45 participants who were either copyright holders as publishers and authors, or ordinary consumers in China. Under the theoretical guidance of strategies and tactics, thematic analysis was used to reveal the emerging themes in the transcripts concerning Chinese cultural perceptions of copyright in general and the relationship between innovation incentives and copyright protection in particular. Findings-First, both countries used strategies for the calculation and manipulation of power in the enactment and implementation of their copyright laws. Second, in order to defend their own interests and obtain national advantages, both countries made full use of various tactics. It is promising for the large developing countries like China to implement and enforce their copyright law and other IPR regulations more effectively under global bargaining and collaborating. Originality/value-Since little research has been done on the hidden agenda in the USA-China copyright disputes, this paper attempts to fill this void by exploring the genuine intentions of both the USA and China in the enactment and implementation of their respective copyright laws and the strategies taken for their communication with the relevant parties at different stages of their own IPR development.

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