The present study demonstrates that, even at a very low concentration, BBP, DBP, and DEHP were not only still capable of inducing a proliferative effect through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway but also displaying estrogenic activity. Therefore, the current reference doses for phthalates defined by governments should be further evaluated.
This study demonstrates that phytoestrogens have antiproliferative effects on breast cancer cells via an ER-dependent mechanism, even at low concentrations, but are also capable of maintaining the survival of normal breast cell via ER-independent or other mechanisms.
This study demonstrates that, in the presence of E2, genistein, resveratrol, and quercetin may stimulate breast cancer cells, even at low physiological concentrations. Therefore, the conflicting results regarding the effects of phytoestrogens on breast cells may be attributed to the endogenous estrogen present in breast tissue.
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