BackgroundElectromyographic analysis of the masticatory muscles provides useful data on the behavior of these muscles during stomatognathic system functioning and allows a functional assessment of orthodontic treatments. This study was undertaken to verify if achieving an Angle Class I bite through orthodontic treatment can lead to neuromuscular balance.MethodsThis study enrolled 30 patients (20 females, 10 males, mean age: 15.78 years) with an Angle Class II, division 1 malocclusion that was orthodontically treated. A group of 30 subjects (19 females, 11 males; mean age: 16.15 years), randomly selected among subjects with an Angle Class II, division 1 malocclusion that had not been orthodontically treated served as the Control group. Both groups were subjected to electromyography to study their neuromuscular characteristics. The Shapiro-Wilk's test revealed a non normal distribution, therefore we used a Friedman two way ANOVA by ranks test to compare differences of surface electromyography values between treated and untreated subjects at closed and open eyes condition.ResultsA statistically significant interaction between orthodontic treatment and open eyes conditions was detected for anterior temporal muscles. A significant imbalance of the anterior temporal muscles, which is indicative of an asymmetric electromyographic pattern, was also found.ConclusionsThe present data indicate that achieving a correct occlusal target does not necessarily correspond to a neuromuscular balance.

Further clinical studies (mainly randomized controlled trials) on ULF-TENS application in neuromuscular gnathology are needed.

The aim of this systematic review and network meta‐analysis was to assess the efficacy of antimicrobials adjunctive to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. The study was conducted according to the PRISMA statement. The protocol (CRD42020178621) was registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL databases were searched up to March 2020; furthermore, a manual search of relevant periodontal journals was conducted. Mean differences (MD) and standard deviations were calculated for clinical attachment level (CAL) gain and probing depth (PD) reduction at 6 and 12 months. A network meta‐analysis was performed to assess direct and indirect comparisons and to establish a ranking of treatments. A total of 21 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were included in the systematic review. Network meta‐analysis showed that SRP + amoxicillin (AMX) + metronidazole (MTZ), as compared to SRP, reached the highest PD reduction at 6 [MD = 0.47; 95% CI (0.3; 0.64)] and 12 months [MD = 0.51; 95% CI (0.25; 0.78)], and CAL gain at 6 [MD = 0.54; 95% CI (0.27; 0.8)] and 12 months [MD = 0.37; 95% CI (0.05; 0.69)]. Network meta‐analysis indicated that AMX + MTZ adjunctive to SRP provided the best improvement in clinical parameters, followed by SRP + MTZ.

Introduzione: l'amoxicillina è uno degli antibiotici più utilizzati in età pediatrica per il trattamento delle infezioni dell'alto tratto respiratorio ed in modo particolare per il trattamento dell'otite media, patologia frequente nella prima e seconda infanzia. da alcuni studi emerge che l'utilizzo di amoxicillina durante i primi anni di vita potrebbe essere associato ad una particolare forma di fluorosi dentale le cui lesioni si localizzano principalmente a livello dei primi molari permanenti e, seppure meno frequentemente a livello degli incisivi. gli effetti dell'amoxicillina sembrano essere indipendenti da altri fattori di rischio come assunzione di fluoro, prematurità alla nascita, ipossia, ipocalcemia, esposizione alla diossina, varicella, otite media, febbre alta e potrebbero avere un impatto significativo sulla salute orale per l'ampio uso di questo farmaco in questo periodo della vita. Obiettivo: lo scopo del nostro studio era quello di revisionare l'attuale letteratura riguardo l'associazione tra amoxicillina e fluorosi. Metodi e Risultati: e' stata effettuata una revisione della letteratura nei database PubMed e Cochrane usando le seguenti parole chiave: amoxicillin*, dental fluorosis*, dental enamel* e Mih*. dopo aver selezionato gli studi sono stati inclusi nella revisione solo tre articoli rilevanti, pubblicati tra il 1966 e il 2011. Conclusione: la presenza di numerosi problemi metodologici non ci permette di trarre conclusioni basate su evidenza scientifica. Sono necessari ulteriori studi per stabilire un'eventuale relazione tra amoxicillina e fluorosi. Sulla base dei dati attuali potrebbe essere comunque considerato un atteggiamento prudente quello di limitare la prescrizione di questo farmaco per infezioni ricorrenti delle alte vie respiratorie, specialmente per l'otite media, durante i primi due anni di vita, somministrando quando è possibile trattamenti antibiotici alternativi. AbstractIntroduction: Amoxicillin is one of the most used antibiotics among pediatric patients for the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections and specially for acute otitis media (AOM), a common diseases of infants and childhood. It has been speculated that the use of amoxicillin during early childhood could be associated with dental enamel fluorosis, also described in literature with the term Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH), because they are generally situated in one or more 1 st permanent molars and less frequently in the incisors. The effect of Amoxicillin seems to be independent of other risk factors such as fluoride intake, prematurity, hypoxia, hypocalcaemia, exposure to dioxins, chikenpox, otitis media, high fever and could have a significant impact on oral health for the wide use of this drug in that period of life. Objective: The aim of this work was to review the current literature about the association between amoxicillin and fluorosis. Methods and Results: A literature survey was done by applying the Medline database (Entrez PubMed); the Cochrane Library database of the Cochrane Collaboration

Effect of ill-fitting dentures on the swallowing duration in patients using polygraphy Background: Surface electromyography (SEMG) has been widely used in the recent years to study swallowing physiology, offering a valid and reliable tool for identifying normal swallowing. The goal of our study was to assess the contribution of denture fitness in the age-related increase of swallowing duration. Methods: Twenty denture wearers and 20 dentate individuals were analysed using SEMG and a computerised kinesiography of mandibular movement. Three spontaneous saliva swallowings were recorded for each patient with both their old and new prostheses. Three spontaneous saliva swallowings were recorded for each dentate person in two different recording sessions. Results: Old prosthesis mean swallowing time was 1.84 (SD ± 0.85) seconds while the new well-fitting prostheses needed a 1.28 (SD ± 0.55) (p = 0.0009) swallowing time. The difference in swallowing time was significant (p = 0.01) between dentate subjects and individuals wearing an old prosthesis. No significant difference was found between dentate subjects and the same prosthesis wearers when a new well-fitting prosthesis was worn. Conclusion: Data presented in this work suggest that part of the increased duration of swallowing showed by elderly and healthy people is because of incorrect an dental prosthesis. Prolongation of swallowing duration in the elderly population could be reconsidered in the light of the quality of dental device worn by the aged population.

BackgroundIntervertebral disc disorders are one of the most common causes of low back pain. Neuromuscular dysfunction frequently is present in patients with lumbar disc herniation.When considering joint dysfunction, it is important to remember that the spine functions as a unit. Dysfunction on one level can trigger compensatory changes in other spinal levels or in other areas of the musculoskeleton. Findings demonstrated the relationship between stomatognathic and postural systems justifying the hypothesis that muscular-skeletal impairment in one system could affect the other one. However, evidence that a lumbar intervertebral disc herniation could influence the mandibular kinematics is still lacking. Aim of this study was to analyse the effects that intervertebral disc herniation of low back could have on the mandibular kinematics.FindingsKinesiographic evaluations of the mandibular dynamics of 23 adult patients suffering L4/L5 and L5/S1 lumbosacral disc hernation were compared with a non pathological control group. A statistically significant difference of maximal mouth opening (p < .05) and of maximal mouth opening velocity (p < .03) was found comparing the study patients with the control subjects.ConclusionLumbosacral disc herniation appears to be associated with changes in the activity of mandibular kinematics both in rate and quality of movement. The study suggests the existence of connections between masticatory system and lumbar disk herniation.

Objective To compare the clinical efficacy of two techniques for fabricating a Bimler device by assessing the patient's surface electromyography (sEMG) activity at rest before treatment and six months after treatment. Methods Twenty-four patients undergoing orthodontic treatment were enrolled in the study; 12 formed the test group and wore a Bimler device fabricated with a Myoprint impression using neuromuscular orthodontic technique and 12 formed the control group and were treated by traditional orthodontic technique with a wax bite in protrusion. The "rest" sEMG of each patient was recorded prior to treatment and six months after treatment. Results The neuromuscular-designed Bimler device was more comfortable and provided better treatment results than the traditional Bimler device. Conclusion This study suggests that the patient group subjected to neuromuscular orthodontic treatment had a treatment outcome with more relaxed masticatory muscles and better function versus the traditional orthodontic treatment.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the oxidative stress in saliva during physical growth. A cohort of 30 volunteers (16 females and 14 males), 6-30 years of age, was enrolled in this study. The subjects Were randomly recruited from patients who were referred to the Dental Clinic of the University of L'Aquila for a regular checkup. Eachsubject's maturity level was assessed according to the Tanner scale and their saliva samples were collected by "spitting method". Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were assessed to evaluate lipid peroxidation -one of the major compounds of oxidative stress -and antioxidant power of saliva. The results show TBARS values increased from pre/early to mid-pubertal status, peaked at mid-pubertal status, and then decreased steadily thereafter. Meanwhile, no characteristic trends in the FRAP data in relation to Tanner stage were observed. Our findings suggest that the peak of peroxidation was found to coincide with the period of mid-puberty (pubertal peak -period with strongest growth). In conclusion, the present data provide a easy, non-invasive method for monitoring development staged in subjects receiving orthodontic therapy.