Fringescalesardinella or TambanSisik bones have been discovered can be utilized as sunscreen agent in cosmeceuticals. Its flesh is the main ingredient in keropoklekor or fish crackers in Malaysia and the bones contained very high hydroxyapatite (HAp), (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) compound which exhibit as UV light absorber. The percentage yields obtained from the hydrothermal extraction consist of 41.2 ± 0.66 % (w/w) of HApwhich was almost half of the dry weight of 100 g samples.The additional of manganeseand ferum,initiated the novel sunscreen materials from hydroxyapatite-Fe and hydroxyapatite-Mn doped (modified bones). The unmodified HAp recorded with SPF 20 and modified HAp-Mn measured with SPF 40. Modified HAp-Fe emulsions were recorded with SPF 50 as the highest SPF value. Therefore, the bones have been characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Radiation (FTIR)spectroscopy and x-Ray diffraction (XRD).The results obtained clearly indicated that the HAp existence in waste of Fringescalesardinella bones with addition of FeCl2which exhibits high potential as sunscreen compared to manganese and unmodified bones. Thus, the utilization of waste from the fish bones not only produce value-added products from low-cost resources, but also help in reducing pollution to the environment and preserved the global sustainability.
The seafood processing industry is bringing in a lot of waste every year around the world. However, crustacean's residues contain valuable compounds such as calcium carbonate that could potentially be used as a sunscreen. Thus, Polymesoda erosa shells were discovered and calcium carbonate was synthesized for the use in dermal applications. The properties of Polymesoda erosa shells have been characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Ray (FTIR) and Cytotoxicity tests. Emulsions were formulated and tested on Visible Ultraviolet (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy. The results showed the shells that were dissolved with MnCl 2 portrayed a higher tendency to be sun-protective than FeO and the unmodified shell. Therefore, the use of waste from Polymesoda shells will not only add value to the by-products, but also help reduce environmental. Therefore, the formulation of emulsions synthesized from crustacean's shells is designed as a new hybrid in cosmetics products and improves the skin's protective efficacy against UV rays.
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