Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is an aggressive malignancy with high mortality, and heterogeneity in MIBC results in variable clinical outcomes, posing challenges for clinical management. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from MIBC have been shown to promote cancer progression. EVs derived from bladder cell lines were subjected to proteomic analysis, and periostin was chosen for further characterization due to its stage-specific gene expression profile. Knockdown of periostin by RNA interference reduces invasiveness in vitro and produces a rounder morphology. Importantly, treating low grade BC cells with periostin-rich EVs promotes cell aggressiveness and activates ERK oncogenic signals, and periostin suppression reverses these effects. These data suggest that MIBC might transfer periostin in an EV-mediated paracrine manner to promote the disease. To determine the potential of periostin as a bladder cancer indicator, patient urinary EVs were examined and found to have markedly higher levels of periostin than controls. In addition, immunohistochemical staining of a bladder cancer tissue microarray revealed that the presence of periostin in MIBC cells is correlated with worse prognosis. In conclusion, periostin is a component of bladder cancer cells associated with poor clinical outcome, and EVs can transfer oncogenic molecules such as periostin to affect the tumor environment and promote cancer progression.
We demonstrated a successful strategy for combining the straightforward scanning probe chemical bond-breaking lithography and selfassembly monolayer (SAM) techniques for constructing nanoscale architectural structures of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) onto modified SiO 2 surfaces. The hydroxyl-terminated surface of the sample substrate was modified by silanization with N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (AEAPTMS) molecules. Local-field-induced scanning probe bond-breaking lithography is adopted to selectively decompose the chemical bonds of AEAPTMS SAMs on aminosilane-modified SiO 2 surfaces. From the experiments, a tip bias of less than 4.5 V cannot effectively decompose chemical bonds of AEAPTMS SAMs. Gray-level selectively patterned pictures were successfully observed on a modified 2.5-nm-thick SiO 2 surface by applying dc voltage (2.5 -5.5 V) between the atomic force microscopy (AFM) conductive tip and the SiO 2 surface under ambient conditions. After the scanning probe selective decomposition of AEAPTMS SAMs, AuNPs with negative-charged citrate surfaces were selectively anchored in the selective patterning region via Coulomb electrostatic force. With proper control, it is considered that this novel technique can be applicable to the generation of various nanofabricated devices.
Extremely high energy neutrinos are attenuated by the materials surrounding the neutrino detector. Topography data can provides spatial distribution of material and become an essential factor in high energy neutrino experiment, especially for the ultra high energy neutrinos. This study introduced the Antarctica topography data, including composite layers of rock, ice, and water, to investigate the topography effect neutrino events from near horizon. Azimuthal asymmetry were observed due different depth of materials along the neutrino trajectories from different direction. This model can be applied to different neutrino experiment (balloon borne detector, ground-level detector, and underground detector) to produce realistic estimation of the neutrino induced events under different geometry of detectors.
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