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Level III, therapeutic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Based on best available evidence, knee arthrodesis should be strongly considered as the treatment of choice for patients who have persistent infected TKA after a failed two-stage reimplantation procedure. We recognize that particular circumstances such as severe bone loss can preclude or limit the applicability of fusion as an option and that individual clinical circumstances must always dictate the best treatment, but where arthrodesis is practical, our model supports it as the best approach.

Purpose of ReviewThe triquetrum is the second most commonly fractured carpal bone, comprising 15-18% of all carpal bone fractures. This review summarizes the current knowledge of triquetral fractures, including the anatomy and pathophysiology, evaluation and diagnosis, treatment and management, post-treatment outcomes, and complications. Recent Findings Triquetral fractures are frequently caused by impaction of the ulnar wrist after a fall on an outstretched hand or by avulsion of attached ligaments. There are three main types of triquetral fractures: dorsal cortical fractures, triquetral body fractures, and volar cortical fractures. Dorsal cortical fractures are the most common and are usually benign, while volar cortical fractures are the least common and can be problematic. Nonsurgical management is indicated for most triquetral fractures, which usually results in good outcomes. Surgical treatment is indicated for fractures with significant displacement or evidence of instability. Complications of triquetral fractures include non-union, triangular fibrocartilage complex injury, and pisotriquetral arthritis. Summary While less common than scaphoid fractures, triquetral fractures should remain in the differential diagnosis for patients with ulnar-sided wrist pain after falling on an outstretched hand. Most triquetral fractures can be treated with immobilization, though they should be thoroughly evaluated due to their potential to result in instability, loss of motion, and arthrosis. Further research is needed to determine the best method of surgical treatment.

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Level IV-retrospective case series.

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Introduction New app-based programs for postoperative rehabilitation have been developed, but no long-term study has been published to date. Thus, a prospective randomized control trial with 2-year follow-up was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of app-based rehabilitation (GenuSport) compared to a control group after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods Between April and October 2016, 60 patients were enrolled in the study. Twenty-five patients were lost to follow-up, leaving 35 patients undergoing TKA for inclusion. In this group, twenty patients received app-based exercise program and 15 were randomized to the control group. The mean age was 64.37 ± 9.32 years with a mean follow-up of 23.51 ± 1.63 months. Patients in the app group underwent an app-based knee training starting on the day of surgery; whereas, patients in the control group underwent regular physiotherapy. Functional outcome scores using the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), Knee Society Score (KSS) and VAS of pain were analyzed. Results In the short term, significant differences between the app group and control group in time of 10-m walk (19.66 ± 7.80 vs. 27.08 ± 15.46 s; p = 0.029), VAS pain at rest and activity (2.65 ± 0.82 vs. 3.57 ± 1.58, respectively 4.03 ± 1.26 vs. 5.05 ± 1.21; p < 0.05) were observed. In the long term, a variety of different tendencies was found, highest in KSS Function with 76.32 ± 16.49 (app group) vs. 67.67 ± 16.57 (control group) (p = 0.130). Additionally, patients in the app group required less painkillers (10.0% vs. 26.7%) and more likely to participate in sports (65.0% vs. 53.3%). Conclusions An app-based knee trainer is a promising tool in improving functional outcomes such as KSS function score and VAS after TKA. Level of evidence Level II, prospective randomized control trial.