In this paper we critically review and analyze previous research on collaborative concept mapping in both face-to-face and networked environments. Although research has shown the positive effects of collaborative concept mapping on learning in face-to-face learning environments, there is a dearth of research which specifically focuses on the potential value of adopting collaborative concept mapping in online learning environments. Newly developed concept mapping software which operates via the Internet makes it possible for distance learners to implement concept mapping as a learning tool for co-constructing knowledge. Using our analysis of current research we provide some directions for future research in the use of concept mapping for online learning.
Phishing is a popular technique that attackers use for the obtainment of sensitive information about users. Last year, over 44 million users became victims of phishing websites. Mutual authentication between user and server is an essential part of anti-phishing mechanisms. Lee et al. proposed a scheme that achieves mutual authentication to protect users from phishing attacks. However, a sensitive key table is necessary if users want to achieve mutual authentication on different servers. This attracts attackers' attention and increases the cost of maintaining the key. In this paper, a novel anti-phishing authentication scheme without a sensitive key table is presented. No sensitive key table is needed if the user is present at that time. Moreover, the proposed scheme can prevent guessing and replay attacks, which are serious threats to user authentication.
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