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Elaboration of Bayesian phylogenetic inference methods has continued at pace in recent years with major new advances in nearly all aspects of the joint modelling of evolutionary data. It is increasingly appreciated that some evolutionary questions can only be adequately answered by combining evidence from multiple independent sources of data, including genome sequences, sampling dates, phenotypic data, radiocarbon dates, fossil occurrences, and biogeographic range information among others. Including all relevant data into a single joint model is very challenging both conceptually and r 15, 2018 1/29 computationally. Advanced computational software packages that allow robust development of compatible (sub-)models which can be composed into a full model hierarchy have played a key role in these developments. Developing such software frameworks is increasingly a major scientific activity in its own right, and comes with specific challenges, from practical software design, development and engineering challenges to statistical and conceptual modelling challenges. BEAST 2 is one such computational software platform, and was first announced over 4 years ago. Here we describe a series of major new developments in the BEAST 2 core platform and model hierarchy that have occurred since the first release of the software, culminating in the recent 2.5 release. Author summaryBayesian phylogenetic inference methods have undergone considerable development in 1 recent years, and joint modelling of rich evolutionary data, including genomes, 2 phenotypes and fossil occurrences is increasingly common. Advanced computational 3 software packages that allow robust development of compatible (sub-)models which can 4 be composed into a full model hierarchy have played a key role in these developments. 5Developing scientific software is increasingly crucial to advancement in many fields of 6 biology. The challenges range from practical software development and engineering, 7 distributed team coordination, conceptual development and statistical modelling, to 8 validation and testing. BEAST 2 is one such computational software platform for 9 phylogenetics, population genetics and phylodynamics, and was first announced over 4 10 years ago. Here we describe the full range of new tools and models available on the 11 BEAST 2.5 platform, which expand joint evolutionary inference in many new directions, 12 especially for joint inference over multiple data types, non-tree models and complex 13 phylodynamics. 14 24 LogAnalyser, LogCombiner, TreeAnnotator, DensiTree [3], as well as a package 25 manager. 26 Shortly after its release, a number of packages were added, such as MASTER for 27 simulating stochastic population dynamics models [4], MultiTypeTree for inferring 28 structured coalescent models [5], RBS for reversible jump across substitution models [6], 29 SNAPP for multi species coalescent over SNP data [7], subst-bma for Bayesian model 30 averaging over site models [8], and BDSKY for the birth-death skyline tree model [9]. 31 All these package...

Level I, therapeutic study.

The authors suggested that therapeutic ultrasound is beneficial for reducing knee pain and improving physical functions in patients with knee osteoarthritis and could be a safe treatment.

Meat consumption is associated with esophageal cancer risk, which depends on meat type and histological type of esophageal cancer. High intake of red meat and low intake of poultry are associated with an increased risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. High meat intake, especially processed meat, is likely to increase esophageal adenocarcinoma risk. And fish consumption may not be associated with incidence of esophageal cancer.

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Objective: To investigate whether hip abductor strength–based exercise therapy could result in further function improvement and more pain relief in women with knee osteoarthritis. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Settings: Rehabilitation department of Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University from years 2016 to 2018. Subjects: In total, 82 women aged 50–70 years, with knee osteoarthritis grade II–IV on the Kellgren–Lawrence scale. Intervention: The experimental group engaged in hip abductor strength–based exercises under the supervision of physical therapists (once a day for six weeks), while the control group engaged in quadriceps femoris strength–based exercises. Main measures: Osteoarthritis severity measured by the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, pain on a visual analogue scale and three objective functional tests were assessed at the sixth and 12th week. Repeated measures analysis of variance and multivariable analysis were applied. Results: Finally, 72 participants completed the study: 35 in the experimental group and 37 in the control group. The self-reported functional difficulties score in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group both at the sixth week and at the 12th week ( P < 0.001). There were significant differences between groups in the stair ascent/descent task and Figure of 8 Walk test, but not in the Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test. The pain in the experimental group decreased compared with that in the control group at the sixth week ( P < 0.05), but not at the 12th week ( P > 0.05). Conclusion: Hip abductor strength–based exercises could result in better performance and higher self-reported function in women with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis.