The morphological and thermal stability of conducting NiSi films formed on Si(001) are significantly enhanced by pre-implantation of the Si wafer with BF2+. In the absence of F, the maximum silicidation temperature Tmax is 650 °C; higher temperatures lead to the formation of the competing high-resistivity NiSi2 phase. Tmax, however, is increased to ⩾750 °C during NiSi formation on Si(001) implanted with 20 keV BF2+ at a dose of 5×1015 cm−2. The observed enhancement in NiSi thermal stability is due to F segregation to the silicide/Si(001) interface and silicide grain boundaries, which retards NiSi grain growth, leading to much smoother layers, and inhibits NiSi2 nucleation.
Kawasaki disease may be a risk factor for subsequent allergic diseases. We postulate that KD occurs more frequently in children at risk of immune disequilibrium, with an abnormal inflammatory response initially, and subsequently more allergic manifestations.
<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Singapore, branded as a “City in a Garden”, has a long standing commitment to green the nation, one which has resulted in trees becoming an integral component of the urban environment. Similarly for its digital twin, Virtual Singapore, we undertake the research to automate the population of this virtual city with semantically and biologically representative trees in a CityGML (City Geography Markup Language) format. This paper presents our framework of modeling trees for Virtual Singapore, showcasing an array of methodologies in data acquisition of light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and satellite images, tree extraction and quantification, and 3D tree modeling at LODs (level of details) 1, 2 and 3. The paper will also highlight challenges and chosen methodologies along with the preliminary results of this framework.</p>
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