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Several theories exist that aim to identify the factors which increase the risk of STEM attrition. Several models and research frameworks aim to address student perceptions of STEM at the high-school level, develop STEM education curricula that include real-life research opportunities and everyday application, foster positive academic habit formation, improve emotional intelligence (EI), address lack of belonging in the culture of a field of study, improve growth mind-set, shift students' time perspective (TP), provide students with a higher sense of purpose, aid students in managing test anxiety, mitigate self-handicapping behaviors, and provide academic support in a welcoming environment, among others (Bybee, 2010;Rattan, Good, & Dweck, 2012). Moreover, early research in psychology and more recent longitudinal studies have indicated that within the scope of 704686S GOXXX10.

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