With the advent of nanotechnology, various modes of traditional treatment strategies have been transformed extensively owing to the advantageous morphological, physiochemical, and functional attributes of nano-sized materials, which are of particular interest in diverse biomedical applications, such as diagnostics, sensing, imaging, and drug delivery. Despite their success in delivering therapeutic agents, several traditional nanocarriers often end up with deprived selectivity and undesired therapeutic outcome, which significantly limit their clinical applicability. Further advancements in terms of improved selectivity to exhibit desired therapeutic outcome toward ablating cancer cells have been predominantly made focusing on the precise entry of nanoparticles into tumor cells via targeting ligands, and subsequent delivery of therapeutic cargo in response to specific biological or external stimuli. However, there is enough room intracellularly, where diverse small-sized nanomaterials can accumulate and significantly exert potentially specific mechanisms of antitumor effects toward activation of precise cancer cell death pathways that can be explored. In this review, we aim to summarize the intracellular pathways of nanoparticles, highlighting the principles and state of their destructive effects in the subcellular structures as well as the current limitations of conventional therapeutic approaches. Next, we give an overview of subcellular performances and the fate of internalized nanoparticles under various organelle circumstances, particularly endosome or lysosome, mitochondria, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus, by comprehensively emphasizing the unique mechanisms with a series of interesting reports. Moreover, intracellular transformation of the internalized nanoparticles, prominent outcome and potential affluence of these interdependent subcellular components in cancer therapy are emphasized. Finally, we conclude with perspectives with a focus on the contemporary challenges in their clinical applicability.

For efficient electrocatalysis, the rational construction of unique electrochemical interfaces is very important to enhance the intrinsic activity and expose more active sites.

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In recent years, the supercritical fluid (SCF) technology has attracted enormous interest from researchers over the traditional pharmaceutical manufacturing strategies due to the environmentally benign nature and economically promising character of SCFs. Among all the SCF-assisted processes for particle formation, the solution-enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids (SEDS) process is perhaps one of the most efficient methods to fabricate the biomaterials and pharmaceutical compounds at an arbitrary gauge, ranging from micro- to nanoscale. The resultant miniature-sized particles from the SEDS process offer enhanced features concerning their physical attributes such as bioavailability enhancement due to their high surface area. First, we provide a brief description of SCFs and their behavior as an anti-solvent in SCF-assisted processing. Then, we aim to give a brief overview of the SEDS process as well as its modified prototypes, highlighting the pros and cons of the particular modification. We then emphasize the effects of various processing constraints such as temperature, pressure, SCF as well as organic solvents (if used) and their flow rates, and the concentration of drug/polymer, among others, on particle formation with respect to the particle size distribution, precipitation yield, and morphologic attributes. Next, we aim to systematically discuss the application of the SEDS technique in producing therapeutic nano-sized formulations by operating the drugs alone or in combination with the biodegradable polymers for the application focusing oral, pulmonary, and transdermal as well as implantable delivery with a set of examples. We finally summarize with perspectives.

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