Wireless body area networks play an indispensable role in the medical Internet of Things. It is a network of several wearables or implantable devices that use wireless technologies to communicate. These devices usually collect the wearer's physiological data and send it to the server. Some health care providers can access the server over the network and provide medical care to the wearer. Due to the openness and mobility of the wireless network, the adversary can easily steal and forge information, which exchanged in the communication channel that leaks wearer's privacy. Therefore, a secure and reliable authentication scheme is essential. Most of the existing authentication schemes are based on asymmetric encryption. However, since the sensor devices in wireless body area networks are typically resource-constrained devices, their computing resources cannot afford to use asymmetric encryption. In addition, most of the existing lightweight authentication schemes have various security vulnerabilities, especially the lack of forwarding secrecy. Therefore, we propose a secure lightweight authentication scheme for the wireless body area networks. With this scheme, forward secrecy can be guaranteed without using asymmetric encryption. We use the automatic security verification tool ProVerif to verify the security of our scheme and analyze informal security. The experimental results and the theoretical analysis indicate that our scheme significantly reduces the computational cost compared with the schemes using asymmetric encryption and that it has a lower security risk compared with the lightweight schemes. INDEX TERMS Authentication, IoT, security, wireless body area network.

Summary Wireless body area network (WBAN) is a special wireless mobile sensor network, which is mainly applied to the medical field. It can monitor the physical condition of patients and send this vital and sensitive information to a server that provides medical and health services. Because of the openness and mobility of WBAN, it is easier for the adversary to obtain, corrupt, or replace the data transmitted in the channel, or launch various attacks. Therefore, data security and privacy issues are the most challenging problems in WBANs. Moreover, most wearable sensors in WBAN are resource‐constrained devices, traditional security schemes may not be suitable for WBAN. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a lightweight anonymous mutual authentication and key agreement scheme for WBAN. This scheme uses only hash function operations and XOR operations. We use the automatic security verification tool ProVerif to verify the security properties of our scheme and informal security analysis is discussed. We also compared the proposed scheme with many related works and the results indicate that our scheme has either more advantages in terms of computation cost, energy consumption, and communication cost or lower security risk.

PurposeThis research investigates the novel questions of whether and how specific forms of shopping channels (online vs offline) influence consumers' decision-making. Moreover, this research investigates marketing firms' proper marketing strategies across different shipping channels.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted three studies using a large sample (N = 703) recruited from a diverse pool (students and adults) that examined multiple products (camera and car) across different shopping channels (online vs offline). Study 1a (n = 251) and Study 1b (n = 252) examined the effect of an online versus offline channel on consumers' decision-making using a one-factor (shopping channel: online vs offline) between-subjects design. Meanwhile, Study 2 (n = 200) investigated the effective strategies that firms should employ across different shopping channels using a 2 (shopping channel: online vs offline) × 2 (mental simulation: outcome vs process) between-subjects design. Participants in the online condition evaluated the product on a computer screen, whereas participants in the offline condition evaluated the real product assuming a real-world retail store setting.FindingsThe three studies supported the predictions that shopping channels (online vs offline) affect consumers' psychological distance and, in turn, affect their decision process. Specifically, results reveal that the online (offline) channel increases (decreases) psychological distance and leads consumers to pay more attention to a product's desirability (feasibility) aspects.Originality/valueGiven that many firms sell the same products through multiple channels, the findings of this research offer insightful theoretical and practical implications.

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The changes in residual surface stress state significantly affect the mechanical behaviour of the materials. In this paper, the effect of cryogenic treatment on grinding residual stress of ultra-fine grained WC-Co hardmetals has been investigated by measuring the residual stress of ground carbide surfaces before and after cryogenic treatment. The results show that the cryogenic treatment can relieve the residual stresses of ground carbide surfaces. Relaxation degree of residual stresses is highly dependent on the process parameters of cryogenic treatment, such as soaking temperature, cooling rate and warming rate. The relaxation rate of residual stresses decreases with the decreasing of soaking temperature, warming rate or increasing cooling rate, and does not change obviously with the soaking time.

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