As an ideal method to manipulate biological particles, the dielectrophoresis (DEP) technique has been widely used in clinical diagnosis, disease treatment, drug development, immunoassays, cell sorting, etc. This review summarizes the research in the field of bioparticle manipulation based on DEP techniques. Firstly, the basic principle of DEP and its classical theories are introduced in brief; Secondly, a detailed introduction on the DEP technique used for bioparticle manipulation is presented, in which the applications are classified into five fields: capturing bioparticles to specific regions, focusing bioparticles in the sample, characterizing biomolecular interaction and detecting microorganism, pairing cells for electrofusion and separating different kinds of bioparticles; Thirdly, the effect of DEP on bioparticle viability is analyzed; Finally, the DEP techniques are summarized and future trends in bioparticle manipulation are suggested.
The transmural heterogeneity of the contractility in ventricular muscle has not been well-studied. Here, we investigated the calcium transient and sarcomere contraction/relaxation in the endocardial (Endo) and epicardial (Epi) myocytes. Endo and Epi myocytes were isolated from C57/BL6 mice by Langendorff perfusion. Ca transient and sarcomere contraction/relaxation were recorded simultaneously at different stimulation frequencies using a dual excitation fluorescence photomultiplier system. We found that the Endo myocytes have higher baseline diastolic calcium, significantly larger calcium transient and stronger sarcomere shortening than Epi myocytes. However, both the rising and decline phases for calcium transient and sarcomere shortening were slower in Endo than in Epi myocytes. When simulation frequency was increased from 1 to 3 Hz, a greater percent increase in the diastole calcium level, Ca transient and sarcomere shortening amplitude has been observed in the Endo myocytes. Accordingly, the frequency-dependent acceleration in the decay rate of calcium transient and sarcomere relaxation was more profound in the Endo than in Epi myocytes. Western blot analysis showed that CaMKII activity was significantly higher in Epi than in Endo myocardium before stimulation. However, this transmural heterogeneity was reversed by rapid pacing. CaMKII inhibition by KN93 diminished the frequency-dependent alterations of Ca transient and sarcomere contraction. Our results suggest that the contractility of ventricular myocytes is heterogeneous. The Endo-myocardium is the major force generating layer in the heart, both at slow and fast heart rate, and the transmural heterogeneity of CaMKII activation plays an important role in the frequency-dependent alterations.
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