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Throughout the ground field is always supposed to be algebraically closed of characteristic zero. Let X be a smooth projective threefold of general type, denote by ϕm the m-canonical map of X which is nothing but the rational map naturally associated with the complete linear system [mid ]mKX[mid ]. Since, once given such a 3-fold X, ϕm is birational whenever m [Gt ] 0, quite an interesting thing to find is the optimal bound for such an m. This bound is important because it is not only crucial to the classification theory, but also strongly related to other problems. For example, it can be applied to determine the order of the birational automorphism group of X [21, remark in section 1]. To fix the terminology we say that ϕm is stably birational if ϕt is birational onto its image for all t [ges ] m. It is well known that the parallel problem in the surface case was solved by Bombieri [1] and others. In the 3-dimensional case, many authors have studied the problem, in quite different ways. Because, in this paper, we are interested in the results obtained by Hanamura [7], we do not plan to mention more references here. According to 3-dimensional MMP, X has a minimal model which is a normal projective 3-fold with only ℚ-factorial terminal singularities. Though X may have many minimal models, the singularity index (namely the canonical index) of any of its minimal models is uniquely determined by X. Denote by r the canonical index of minimal models of X. When r = 1 we know that ϕ6 is stably birational by virtue of [3, 6, 13 and 14]. When r [ges ] 2, Hanamura proved the following theorem.

SYNOPSIS Remarkable progress has been made in the treatment of bradykinin mediated angioedema with the advent of multiple new angioedema specific therapies over the last decade, largely studied in patients with hereditary angioedema (HAE) due to C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) deficiency. While affected individuals previously had little treatment available, patients in many parts of the world now have effective medications available for prophylaxis and treatment of acute angioedema attacks. Despite these advances, patients are still faced with challenges of a burdensome disease that can lead to debilitating and dangerous angioedema episodes associated with significant costs for individuals and society. The burden of treatment must also be addressed with regard to medication administration difficulties, treatment complications, and adverse side effects. Multiple new therapies with novel mechanisms of action are currently being investigated and may offer potential solutions to these challenges faced by patients and physicians. We herein review the emerging therapeutic options for the treatment of HAE.

As more and more power electronic based generation units are integrated into power systems, the stable operation of power systems has been challenged due to the lack of system inertia. In order to solve this issue, the virtual synchronous generator (VSG), in which the power electronic inverter is controlled to mimic the characteristics of traditional synchronous generators, is a promising strategy. In this paper, the representation of the synchronous generator in power systems is firstly presented as the basis for the VSG. Then the modelling methods of VSG are comprehensively reviewed and compared. Applications of the VSG in power systems are summarized as well. Finally, the challenges and future trends of the VSG implementation are discussed.

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100(Fe)(0.4) was the most effective among the studied catalysts and had excellent reusability. A 92.12% product yield and 93.01% selectivity for bisphenol F could be obtained over the PTA@MIL-100(Fe)(0.40) catalyst. The effects of the reaction time, reaction temperature, catalyst concentration, and phenol/formaldehyde molar ratio on the reaction performance were also investigated. A plausible mechanism for hydroxyalkylation of phenol with formaldehyde to bisphenol F was proposed.

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