The transport of biomolecules across bio-membranes occurs in a complex environment where the fluid on both sides of the membrane contains many inclusions. The Monte Carlo method and the hard-sphere (HS) model are used to simulate the translocation of linear polymer and ring polymer through a nanopore in a crowded environment. We compare the results of linear polymer and ring polymer and find that the ring polymer is more sensitive to the surrounding environment. Moreover, the influences of the nanopore and the inclusions to the translocation are studied and our results show that the nanopore changes the translocation time and the inclusions change the translocation tendency to the random side of the membrane. Here, the radius of gyration is described as a balance.
An energy storage system (ESS) plays an important part in a renewable energy generation system for stable and efficient power harvesting. To realize the function of an ESS, a bidirectional DC/DC converter with high power density and high efficiency is highly desired. In this paper, a high-frequency (HF) isolated dual-bridge series resonant converter (DBSRC) with a piecewise control strategy is proposed for an application with a wide variation of voltage gain. The proposed control strategy is based on dual-phase-shift modulation for a balance between complexity and flexibility. With this proposed control strategy, zero-voltage switching is kept for all switches on the low-voltage side and half of switches on the high-voltage side. Besides, there is no circulation energy on the low-voltage high-current side for full load operation. A step-by-step design procedure is also included to calculate the converter components and control parameters. Verification of the analysis and design are performed successfully through simulation and n experimental test. Comparisons with some existing control methods are also made experimentally, which highlights that the proposed control strategy is able to achieve comparable performance as the reported optimal current control with simpler calculation and implementation.
The low-power design of software and hardware is crucial for the efficiency and sustainability of embedded systems. Accurate energy consumption measurement plays a vital role in evaluating the energy performance of software and hardware, which also provides design insights to develop new paradigms for algorithm or code optimization in terms of energy efficiency and system cost. A few literature has surveyed this research field, but it lacks multi-faceted comparisons and comprehensive analysis. In this paper, we first show the necessity of accurate energy consumption analysis for embedded systems. Then, we study major methods in literature for measuring energy consumption of embedded systems, which can be summarized with three categories: 1) measurement-based energy profiling, 2) model-based energy estimation, and 3) simulator-based energy estimation. Some subcategories are further made based on characteristics of these apporaches. The pros and cons of each category have been reviewed and evaluated through multi-faceted comparisons. Finally, for transparent energy analysis and improving the energy efficiency of embedded systems, we come up with some contributing factors that matter the energy consumption measurements and discuss the challenges and future research directions.
INDEX TERMSInternet of Things (IoT), embedded system, energy consumption, power consumption
In this paper, the triple-phase-shift (TPS) control with certain unified boundary conditions is applied to a dual-bridge series resonant converter (DBSRC) for applications needing bidirectional energy flow ability. The control strategy is unified for the whole variation range of load, input/output voltage and with simple calculation. By using this unified boundary control, the circulating energy is minimized significantly. A wide soft switching operation range can be achieved as well. Furthermore, based on the analysis results of unified boundary conditions, an improved unified boundary control with duty cycle compensation is also proposed. The ZVS operations of all sides switches can be maintained for wide converter gain and load with high efficiency. The procedure of design for important parameters is given. Finally all works are verified through actual experimental tests on a 500W laboratory prototypes successfully.
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