The study of bronchial tree is done by both invasive and non-invasive techniques like cadaveric dissection, bronchograms, virtual bronchoscopy, Computed Tomography (CT) scan and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan. Materials and Methods: The subcarinal angle of trachea was measured on chest CT scans of 110 normal adult individuals in the age group of 10-70 years (69 males and 41 females) attending the department of Radiodiagnosis at Government Medical College, Aurangabad. Result: The mean value for subcarinal angle was 80.01 ± 12.53 in males, 79.75 ± 9.99 0 in females and 79.92 ± 11.60 0 in total study population. The difference between means of subcarinal angle in male and female population was not significant statistically ('p' value=0.902). In the age group 11-20 years, the differences between the mean values of subcarinal angle were affected by sex to a very small extent as compared to other age groups. Discussion: It was observed that widening of the tracheal bifurcation angle had long been accepted as a sign of left atrial enlargement, but conflicting data are present about its reliability. Conclusion: The mean value of subcarinal angle is independent of age and gender. This study is useful for clinicians to know the changes in left atrium and while doing endotracheal intubation and bronchoscopy.

Background: Few surgical procedures, although vital, are not learnt and mastered during postgraduate courses in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Internal iliac artery ligation and tracing course of ureter are few of such surgical procedures. Cadaveric dissection sessions organized during postgraduate courses and as CME sessions (continued medical education) have proved useful in learning such unlearnt procedures. This article shares experiences from teaching internal iliac artery ligation, pelvic ureter course tracing and principles of many other unusual gynaecological surgical procedures to Obstetrics and Gynecology specialists and postgraduate students through CME programs involving cadaveric dissection.Methods: This involved organizing and conducting four cadaveric dissection CME workshops at three different teaching institutions. The components of these CMEs were lectures with power point presentations and two-way audio-visual interactive sessions while pelvic anatomy was demonstrated on cadavers through live dissections. Each CME was concluded by tactile experience to each delegate by handling the dissected cadavers; this was made possible by limiting delegate registration to 50 at each CME.Results: The surgical skills of internal iliac artery ligation and tracing course of pelvic ureter, which are not adequately and confidently learnt in routine postgraduate tenure, could be effectively transferred through cadaveric dissection.Conclusions: Revisiting anatomy dissection halls helps in learning rare but lifesaving surgical techniques. This can be achieved by arranging cadaveric dissection CMEs for practicing specialists. Such CMEs should be organized regularly and should be integrated into postgraduate curriculum.

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Background: Confirmation of the identity of an individual from fragmentary pieces of bones after considerable time lapsed since death is very crucial in medico legal cases. Hip bone is considered as one of the ideal bones for sex determination as it not only reflects the general differences between two sexes but also shows special adaptation of female hip bone for childbearing. Materials and Methods: 178 Adult hip bones (54 of females and 124 of males) of both sides were examined with special reference to chilotic line index, Ischiopubic index and Acetabulopubic index. All the hip bones were dry, free of damage or deformity and fully ossified. The personal record of all the hip bones for sex and race are all available with the bone bank (Govt Medical College Aurangabad).For all the six parameters and three indices, we measured range, mean, standard deviation, P value and demarcating points. All the observations were tabulated and analyzed statistically and compared with the previous studies. All the parameters and indices are statistically significant. Observations and Results: It was observed that when we applied univariate analysis only a few numbers of hip bones were correctly identified. Further we combined three indices in a single group and applied multivariate analysis. From our study it become very clear that very large number of hip bones can be identified correctly i.e. 85.5% of males and 83.3% females (mean 84%). Conclusion: Thus the sex of hip bones can be identified correctly in 84% cases by using these indices.

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