Objective. To evaluate the effects of diaphragmatic breathing exercises and flow and volume-oriented incentive spirometry on pulmonary function and diaphragm excursion in patients undergoing laparoscopic abdominal surgery. Methodology. We selected 260 patients posted for laparoscopic abdominal surgery and they were block randomization as follows: 65 patients performed diaphragmatic breathing exercises, 65 patients performed flow incentive spirometry, 65 patients performed volume incentive spirometry, and 65 patients participated as a control group. All of them underwent evaluation of pulmonary function with measurement of Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second (FEV1), Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR), and diaphragm excursion measurement by ultrasonography before the operation and on the first and second postoperative days. With the level of significance set at p < 0.05. Results. Pulmonary function and diaphragm excursion showed a significant decrease on the first postoperative day in all four groups (p < 0.001) but was evident more in the control group than in the experimental groups. On the second postoperative day pulmonary function (Forced Vital Capacity) and diaphragm excursion were found to be better preserved in volume incentive spirometry and diaphragmatic breathing exercise group than in the flow incentive spirometry group and the control group. Pulmonary function (Forced Vital Capacity) and diaphragm excursion showed statistically significant differences between volume incentive spirometry and diaphragmatic breathing exercise group (p < 0.05) as compared to that flow incentive spirometry group and the control group. Conclusion. Volume incentive spirometry and diaphragmatic breathing exercise can be recommended as an intervention for all patients pre- and postoperatively, over flow-oriented incentive spirometry for the generation and sustenance of pulmonary function and diaphragm excursion in the management of laparoscopic abdominal surgery.
Aims and Objectives:Cerebral ischemic stroke is life-threatening and debilitating neurological disease, it is the third leading cause of death in the world. Studies have shown that there is a close relationship between carotid artery stenosis and ischemic cerebral vascular disease. This study is done to assess the carotid arteries with the help of color Doppler sonography and to correlate cerebrovascular accidents.Materials and Methods:The prospective study was carried out on 50 patients using purposive sampling technique. Risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and family history were documented. The data gathered from color Doppler examination consisted of peak systolic velocity of common carotid artery (CCA) and internal carotid artery (ICA), velocity ratios between CCA and ICA and plaque characteristics as seen on real-time image.Statistical Analysis Used:The collected data were analyzed and presented in the form of tables, figures, graphs, and diagrams wherever necessary. As this study deals with the only frequency distribution of various factors, so no tests of significance were applied.Results:The highest incidence of stroke was found in the male population in the age group of 60–69 years. Various risk factors included hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and family history. Of 50 patients, 12 patients showed significant stenosis (>60%). Atherosclerotic plaques were seen in 39 patients (78%).Conclusion:Color Doppler examination is an economic, safe, reproducible, and less time-consuming method of demonstrating the cause of cerebrovascular insufficiency in extracranial carotid artery system and will guide in instituting treatment modalities.
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