Unsupported sustained lumbar extension and supported dynamic lumbar extension postures may serve as effective and practical methods for reducing rate of SH loss and maintaining LROM. However, these postures should be further examined in various ‘doses’ to define optimal protocol for effectively minimising SH loss over time.

A conical-PEP device of 1-cm length with an orifice of 6 or 7 mm generates effective expiratory pressure for most subjects during exercise. There were no adverse effects in healthy young and older subjects, and the device is suitable for trials with patients with COPD. (ClinicalTrials.gov registration NCT 02788370.).

The findings of this work may be used to educate farmers on the potential for hand and arm injury in rice cultivation activities. Results may also provide a basis for redesign of existing tiller handles to promote neutral wrist posture, greater efficiency in muscle use and machine control.

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