The occurrence of organophosphorus pesticide (OPs) and their metabolite residues 2 was investigated in 167 samples of Greek virgin olive oil during a two-year (2004-2005) sampling campaign. A total of 30.5% of samples contained detectable residues 4 although only one sample contained dimethoate residues above the maximum residue 5 limit. Among the seven detected OPs, fenthion and fenthion sulfoxide residues were 6 detected in 10.8% and 14.4% of the samples respectively at 0.003 to 0.61 mg kg-1 7 followed by dimethoate that was detected in 10.2% of the samples, at 0.003 to 0.057 8 mg kg-1. The acute dietary risk assessment was undertaken by determining the 9 National Estimated Short-Term Intake (NESTI) while for the chronic dietary risk 10 assessment the National Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake (NTMDI) and National 11 Estimated Daily Intake (NEDI) were calculated. The estimated intakes (NESTI and 12 NEDI) of each pesticide were <7% and <0.86% of the corresponding acute reference 13 doses (ARfDs) and acceptable daily intakes (ADIs), respectively. A cumulative risk 14 assessment was performed using the Hazard Index (HI) and the Toxicity Equivalence 15 Factor (TEF) approaches taking into account that OPs share the same toxicological 16 mechanism. The determined HI and TEFs were found to represent only a small 17 portion of the respective ADIs or ARfDs. These results indicate that there is neither 18 acute nor chronic risk for the Greek population through olive oil consumption. 19 20
Pesticide contamination of natural waters due to agricultural activities has been a widely publicized topic over the past 30 years and will continue to be a problem in the future. The determination of pesticide residues in water samples is necessary for solving various environmental problems. The aim of this work was to develop an efficient method on the basis of solid phase extraction (SPE) technique for the determination of 34 multiclass pesticides in natural waters. SPE using C18 extraction disks followed by gas chromatography (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography (LC-MS) were used for the determination of various pesticides residues in environmental waters. The developed SPE method provided good repeatability and reproducibility range, high extraction efficiency and low LODs. The performance results confirm the usefulness of the proposed methodology for the analysis multiclass pesticides in natural waters.
The key benefits of this methodology are:
It possesses the advantages of SPE (fast, simple, highly sensitive) and could be potentially extended to other classes of pesticides.
It can be used as a useful tool for monitoring purposes on natural waters.
The validated methodology meets regulatory requirements established by the EU
[1]
and other authorities of developed countries
[2]
.
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