Management of the patient with premature rupture of membranes is a relatively common but often perplexing problem frequently faced by the obstetrician. Despite the recent advances in perinatal care, premature membrane rupture, especially in the preterm patient, remains a potentially serious complication with important maternal and fetal implications. This review will address the important questions concerning the management of premature rupture of membranes and will attempt to provide comprehensive answers as they appear in the medical literature.
Hispanic patients with unexplained positive triple marker screen for Down syndrome do not appear to be at increased risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes.
ex identification is one of the prime expectations of any parent during the prenatal ultrasound examination. However, the ability to visualize fetal genitalia not only has important social implications but also has considerable medical implications. Various endocrine disorders and complex genitourinary malformations can be manifested in the form of anomalous genitalia, and a delay in diagnosis may lead to an increase in postnatal morbidity and mortality.1 In addition, correctly identifying and illustrating major fetal anomalies is of paramount importance to the parents, whose decisions regarding possible termination will directly affect the course of the pregnancy. Prenatal detection of genital abnormalities is therefore helpful in evaluating those fetuses with severe multisystem diseases and those with disorders more easily corrected with prenatal and neonatal treatments.Ambiguous genitalia is a condition that affects approximately 1 per 5000 live-born infants. Until the inception of three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography, two-dimensional (2D) ultrasonography was the only method available to visually detect cases of ambiguous genitalia. A review of the literature reveals several case reports and small case series of prenatal identification of abnormal fetal genitalia during targeted 2D ultrasonographic surveys. However, the limitations of a standard 2D fetal sonogram are often evident. We present a case of ambiguous fetal genitalia whose diagnosis was both correctly identified and visually clarified by the use of prenatal 3D ultrasonography.
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