L'objet de ce travail est d'étudier l'évolution de la pauvreté urbaine en Côte d'Ivoire depuis les années 1980. On s'attache à rendre compte de plusieurs dimensions de la pauvreté, à vérifier, par des techniques de la dominance, la robustesse des tendances observées et à estimer de manière économétrique les déterminants des différentes formes de pauvreté. On montre que la pauvreté de conditions d'existence peut adopter une dynamique différente de celle de la pauvreté monétaire. Sans équivoque, la pauvreté monétaire, après avoir véritablement explosé entre 1985 et 1993, a sensiblement augmenté dans les centres urbains ivoiriens malgré le retour de la croissance. Une approche examinant les conditions d'existence et les capacités des ménages montre, sur la période de croissance, une tendance inverse.
The paper addresses the issue of the accuracy of standard-of-living measurements using household survey data. First, it highlights the fact that lighter data collection processes in some developing countries have added to measurement errors in consumption and income aggregates measurement errors. The paper reasserts the need to apply reference guidelines to the measurement of household consumption in order to compute comparable distribution indicators across countries and over time. Second, it contends that it is hard to analyze inequality solely from consumption patterns without taking income and savings into account. Two solutions are proposed for the correction of income measurement errors: by using savings declarations and by implementing a multiple imputation procedure. The results are based on a careful analysis of the EPM93 survey of Madagascar whose design is quite close to the LSMS household surveys, and the ENV98 survey of C�te d'Ivoire representative of surveys conducted nowadays in most Sub-Saharan African countries. Copyright 2010 The Authors. Review of Income and Wealth 2010 International Association for Research in Income and Wealth.
In this paper, we explore the links between polygyny and female labour supply in Senegal using a nationally representative survey. In a reduced-form approach, we first measure the impact of polygyny on participation using a joint model of spouse participation. The identification of the impact of polygyny relies on the use of district-level variables as instruments. We find a positive impact of polygyny on female labour force participation. Turning to a structural approach based on the collective household model, we examine the possibility that men within couples use polygyny as a threat to influence the distribution of resources in their favour. The results are less conclusive regarding the role played by the risk of polygyny as an effective distribution factor.
Sur la période 1960-1995, on observe une chute des niveaux de vie de 45 % dans la capitale malgache, Antananarivo. Dans ce contexte fortement récessif, l’analyse menée tente de mettre en évidence des effets d’âge et de génération dans l’évolution des niveaux de vie d’individus appartenant à trois générations successives. Sur la base de l’appariement de deux enquêtes réalisées en 1998 à Antananarivo dans le cadre du projet MADIO — une enquête biographique et une enquête emploi —, ce travail consiste à élaborer une méthode d’estimation des revenus sur le cycle de vie afin de déterminer si les jeunes Tananariviens, plus nombreux et plus instruits, disposent de revenus inférieurs ou supérieurs à ceux de leurs aînés au même âge. Il s’agit également d’identifier les principaux déterminants des revenus et de mesurer les inégalités entre les individus ou les cohortes sur la période 1968-1998. Les résultats montrent que les jeunes générations, qui s’insèrent plus tard dans la vie active mais de manière plus stable grâce à des opportunités d’emplois formels, voient leur profil de revenu s’améliorer par rapport aux générations qui les précèdent. Cela confirme la spécificité des inflexions en cours sur le marché du travail urbain malgache comparativement à d’autres évolutions en milieu urbain africain, notamment à travers le processus de reformalisation des emplois.
Slum upgrading programmes are high on the international community's agenda. Yet their impact evaluations remain few and far between, especially when the programmes include different components such as roads, water supply, electricity, and community facilities. In addition, employment is rarely considered as an outcome in the evaluation of slum upgrading programmes, although it is often one of the main priorities of slum upgrading policies. This article analyses the effects on employment of such a programme in a Djibouti slum. It uses a difference-in-difference approach to evaluate the average impact and heterogeneous effects of the programme. We find that the project is unlikely to have improved access to employment in general and to formal wage jobs in particular, as was expected at the start of the project. It has also failed to increase earned income. Nonetheless, we show that self-employed activities have developed, more particularly in places adjacent to the project roads.
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