The subcutaneous injection of epinephrine in doses of 1 mg. per kilo brings about a polycythemia, an increase in reticulocytes, and an increase in young forms of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The polycythemia is no doubt in part a concentration phenomenon, but the presence of these young cells in increasing numbers is believed to be evidence that there is at the same time a discharge of cells from the blood-forming organs, due to the effect of the drug upon them. A similar effect is obtained by continued stimulation of the peripheral ends of the cut sciatic nerves in the curarized animal.
<div>Mixed-metal oxides possess a wide range of tunability and show promise for catalytic stabilization of biomass pyrolysis products. For materials derived from layered double hydroxides, understanding the effect of divalent cation species and divalent/trivalent cation stoichiometric ratio on catalytic behavior is critical to their successful implementation. In this study, four mixed-metal oxide catalysts consisting of Al, Zn, and Mg in different stoichiometric ratios were synthesized and tested for ex-situ catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) using pine wood as feedstock. The catalytic activity and deactivation behavior of these catalysts were monitored in real-time using a lab-scale pyrolysis reactor and fixed catalyst bed coupled with a molecular beam mass spectrometer (MBMS), and data were analyzed by multivariate statistical approaches. In comparing Mg- and Zn-Al catalyst materials, we demonstrate that the Mg-Al materials possessed greater quantities of basic sites, which we attribute to their higher surface areas, and they produced upgraded pyrolysis vapors which contained less acids and more deoxygenated aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylene. However, detrimental impacts on carbon yields were realized via decarbonylation and decarboxylation reactions and coke formation. Given that the primary goals of catalytic upgrading of bio-oil are deoxygenation, reduction of acidity, and high carbon yield, these results highlight both promising catalytic effects of mixed-metal oxide materials and opportunities for improvement.</div>
No abstract
4. Pain of Coronary Thrombosis.-Rapid blocking of a large coronary vessel, almost always thrombosis of a sclerosed artery, is accompanied usually by long continued heart pain of very severe nature, not relieved by rest, digitalis or the nitrites, and requiring repeated doses of morphin. The seat of the pain is generally precordial or substernal, but now and then it is abdominal, particularly epigastric, or right or left hypochondrial, and in such instances it is likely to be confused with acute abdominal conditions, such as gallstone colic or perforation of a peptic ulcer. Recov¬ ery may .occur in spite of the extreme severity of the pain and the gravity of the condition.5. Aortic Pain.-In aortic disease of syphilitic ori¬ gin-that is, syphilitic aortitis and aneurysm-there is a fairly characteristic dull high substernal ache, some¬ times increased to a sharper pain and even radiating, but not paroxysmal. This does not respond to digitalis, rest or nitroglycerin, but tends to melt away under antisyphilitic treatment. It is likely that potassium iodid has gained some of its great reputation through its action in this type of case. It must be remembered that in syphilitic aortitis, in addition to the aortic pain, involvement of the coronary arteries may give rise apparently to the typical paroxysmal pain of coronary disease.6. Pains of Pericarditis (and of hepatic engorge¬ ment).-Finally, there are also the transient pains of acute fibrinous pericarditis (and the epigastric and right hypochondrial distress of engorgement of the liver due to congestive cardiac failure) which are generally easily recognized.Mention should be made of the probable coexistence in various cases of pains of different type ; for exam¬ ple, the fatigue pain of mitral stenosis and the pain of the nervous heart in a neurotic woman with advanced mitral stenosis, or the aortic pain of syphilitic aortitis and the fatigue pain of aortic régurgitation, perhaps also the paroxysmal pain of angina pectoris in a middle-aged man with cardiovascular syphilis. (In syphilitic aortitis there is frequent involvement of the mouths of the coronary arteries.) In such cases the analysis of the pain is difficult but interesting. SUMMARY Heart pain may be thus classified: 1. Simple fatigue pain : (a) Chronic hypertension. (b) Aortic stenosis or régurgitation. (c) Mitral stenosis. (d) Pulmonic stenosis-congenital heart dis¬ ease. (e) Adherent pericarditis. (/) Paroxysmal tachycardia or paroxysmal auricular fibrillation or flutter.(g) Permanent auricular fibrillation or flutter with high ventricular rate. (h) Permanent coronary narrowing due to arteriosclerosis.2. Nervous heart pain, including effort syndrome. 3. Paroxysmal heart pain (probably of coronary disease or irritability), the so-called true angina pectoris.4. Pain of coronary thrombosis. 5. Aortic pain, of syphilitic aortitis and aneurysm. 6. Pain of pericarditis. Frequently, combinations of these factors occur.
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