and a decrease from 76 to 65 A2 for valine 34. The tendency for the tyrosine hydroxy group to be more exposed in the transition-state region raises the possibility that the transition-state structures could be transiently stabilized by hydrogen bonding between this group and external solvent molecules. An effect of this kind has been noted before in simulation studies of ion pair dissociation in water.35 If this is the case, freezing of the water might slow the ring rotational transitions by limiting the possibilities for hydrogen bond rearrangements. Configurational blocking due to steric interactions between the tyrosine side chain and the frozen solvent could also hinder the completion of transitions. Secondly, the displacements of the atoms in the "gate" region (backbone atoms of residues 36 and 37) have been determined in four full ring-rotation trajectories so far. In two trajectories with a fluid solvent, the displacements of the gate atoms from their transition-state locations during the 2 ps before and after crossing appear to be somewhat larger than in the trajectories with a glassy solvent. The points described above suggest that the glassy solvent may retard the completion of individual rotational transitions both directly, by slowing the (35) Karim, O.
Software industry pundits predict that soon the object paradigm will emerge as the dominant approach to analyzing, designing, and constructing complex information systems (Orfali, Harkey, & Edwards, 1996). Instead of crafting applications from the traditional building blocks of data and procedures, the new unit of system construction will become the "object"-an integrated package of data and procedures (Cox & Novobilski, 1991; Taylor, 1992).The object-oriented approach to systems development hinges on correctly partitioning the problem domain into the essential classes and objects (Booch, 1994;Graham, 1994). Methodologists and educators alike recognize that such partitioning is not easy (Booch, 1994;Jean & Strohmeier, 1990). Notable design experts, Gamma, Helm, Johnson, and Vlissides (1995), assert: "The hard part about object-oriented design is decomposing a system into objects" (p. 11). Leading object-oriented methodologist, Grady Booch (1994), contends that "identification of classes and objects is the fundamental issue in object-oriented design" (p. 167). 4 4 4 4 4 Vol. 9 No. 3
What is the nature of the process of implementing a new technology? How should the dynamics of implementing a new technology be studied? What research methods are best-suited to the study of complex issues of social and organizational impacts arising from the implementation of a new technology? Client-server computing represents a significant new technology that has not been a focus of research investigations. As companies pursue client-server technology as a replacement for legacy computing systems, there is a need to provide practitioners with grounded research that discover patterns of organizational and social dynamics that influence the successful outcome of a transition to this new technology. This article suggests that naturalistic research studies can formulate realistic business foundations for the successful implementation of client-server computing.
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