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The surface tension of a Lennard-Jones liquid–vapor interface has been determined accurately in a molecular dynamics simulation. Our values tend to be smaller than those from previous simulations. It is shown that the usually truncated tail of the potential strongly increases the surface tension if taken into account.

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The curvature dependence of the liquid–vapor surface tension is described in the limit of small curvatures by Tolman’s length. Measurements of it, either experimentally or in a simulation, have not yet given a clear idea of its magnitude, even its sign is being debated. Previous attempts to relate Tolman’s length to a pressure tensor have led to ill-defined expressions. From an analysis of the pressure difference over the interface of a liquid drop, a pressure tensor expression is obtained for Tolman’s length that does not suffer from the previously encountered inconsistencies. This pressure difference is studied in a simulation of liquid drops, leading to an estimate of Tolman’s length. It appears to be small and bounds are given on it.

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Abstract-A CMOS smart temperature sensor with digital output is presented. It consumes only 7 gW. To achieve this extremely low-power consumption, the system is equipped with a facility that switches off the supply power after each sample. The circuit uses substrate bipolars as a temperature sensor. Conversion to the digital domain is done by a sigma-delta converter which makes the circuit highly insensitive to digital interference. The complete system is realized in a standard CMOS process and measures only 1.5 mm2. In the temperature range from -40 to +12Q°C, the inaccuracy is 3~1°C after calibration at two temperatures. The circuit operates at supply voltages down to 2.2 V.Huijsing, Senior Member, IEEE TABLE I TARGET SPECIFICATIONS