Moebius syndrome is a highly variable syndrome with abducens and facial nerve palsy as core features. Strict diagnostic criteria do not exist and the inconsistency of the associated features makes determination difficult. To determine what features are associated with Moebius syndrome we performed a systematic literature review resulting in a composite case series of 449 individuals labeled with Moebius syndrome. We applied minimum criteria (facial and abducens palsy) to determine the prevalence of associated clinical features in this series. Additionally, we performed statistical cluster analysis to determine which features tended to occur together. Our study comprises the largest series of patients with Moebius syndrome and the first to apply statistical methodology to elucidate clinical relationships. We present evidence for two groups within the Moebius diagnosis. Type 1: exhibiting micrognathia, limb anomalies and feeding/swallowing difficulty that tend to occur together. Type 2: phenotypically diverse but more associated with radiologically detectable neurologic abnormalities and developmental delay.
In early 1998, Chevron acquired one of the world's first full-field four-component ocean bottom cable (3D/4C OBC) surveys at the Alba field in the central UK North Sea. The primary objective of the survey was to use converted shear waves to provide a better image of the sandstone reservoir and shales within the reservoir. Pre-survey technical studies based on a dipole sonic log and 2D OBC seismic lines gave us confidence that converted waves (PS) could provide a better image of the reservoir relative to conventional P-wave seismic data.
The secondary objective of the new survey was to map water movement in the reservoir after four years of production and water injection by comparing the new P-wave OBC data with the original 1989 streamer data. A strong original oil-water contact reflector seen throughout much of the field and pre-survey technical studies suggested that production-related saturation changes would be observable on the new P-wave OBC seismic data.
The new data shows that both objectives were achieved with dramatic results - the converted-wave images provide the clearest image of the Alba reservoir sands ever seen and production effects are obvious on the new P-wave OBC data near several producing and injector wells. In addition, the converted-wave data has offered new insights into the shape of the reservoir. The previous lens-shaped interpretation based on P-wave data has been replaced with a far more complex shape that is at least in part related to post-depositional structural alteration. This new interpretation is also supported by improved reservoir images seen on far-offset P-wave sections.
To date, two successful wells have been drilled based primarily on the converted-wave seismic data. Both wells prove the existence of ‘wings’ – structurally high sand at the margins of the channel that may represent re-mobilized and injected reservoir sand. Neither of these wings had been previously identified on the conventional P-wave streamer seismic data.
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