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water gas shift reaction and thermodynamic limitations. ConclusionsThe influence of pore diffusional limitations on the methanol reaction rate was analyzed and quantified for the liquid-phase methanol synthesis process. The rate was found to be very significantly limited by pore diffusion when the pellet-sized copper-based catalyst is used in the liquid phase. The limitation is partly due to the decreased liquid-phase diffusivities and larger penetration depth in the larger catalyst. The effectiveness factors ( ) were compared with the theoretical predictions (?jt) based on generalized effectiveness factor correlations. It was also found that the theoretical approach based on the Thiele modulus can be used as an approximate predictor for the analysis of pore diffusional limitations even in a threephase catalytic system. Direct comparisons of reaction rate data obtained from packed-bed and slurry reactor runs must be used with caution in obtaining the experimental effectiveness factor ( ) when the reactor outlet conditions are different.