Context: Longkong [Lansium domesticum Corr. (Meliaceae)] is a popular tropical plant producing economic edible fruits found mainly in Southeast Asia. However, limited information is available concerning anticancer activity of Longkong. Objective: To investigate anticancer activities in human mouth epidermal carcinoma (KB) of Longkong extracts. Materials and methods: Various parts of Longkong which was collected from Northern and Eastern of Thailand were extracted by the hot and cold processes using water, chloroform, and methanol. The extracts were tested for anti-oxidative activities and anti-proliferation as well as matrix metalloproteinase inhibition on KB cells. Results: The hot water extract of seeds from Northern region (NSEWH), the cold water extract of old leaves from Northern region (NOLWC), and the hot chloroform extract of young leaves from Eastern region (EYLCH) showed the highest free radical scavenging, metal ion chelating, and lipid peroxidation inhibition with SC 50 , MC 50 and IPC 50 values of 0.34 AE 0.03, 0.47 AE 1.60 and 0.86 AE 0.31 mg/ml, respectively. The hot and cold chloroform extract of young fruits from Northern region (NYFCH and NYFCC) exhibited anti-proliferation effect against KB cells with IC 50 values of 603.45 AE 55.35 and 765.06 AE 46.19 mg/ml, respectively. NYFCC exhibited the highest pro-and active MMP-2 inhibition at 53.03 AE 2.65 and 31.30 AE 0.43%, more than all tested standard anticancer drugs except cisplatin. Discussion and conclusion: The cold chloroform extract of young fruits from Northern region appeared to contain anticancer active compounds against KB cells because of its high anti-proliferation and MMP-2 inhibition activities.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the anti-ageing activity of cream containing the methanolic purple glutinous rice extract loaded in niosomes. METHODS: The in vitro biological activities of the purple glutinous rice extracted by methanol maceration were determined. The extract loaded in niosomes and the cream containing the niosomes were developed. The in vivo anti-ageing activity in 20 human volunteers including skin hydration, pigmentation, roughness and elasticity after daily application for 28 days compared to at initial was evaluated by Corneometer, Mexameter, Visiometer and Cutometer, respectively. RESULTS: The purple glutinous rice extract showed free radical scavenging (SC 50), lipid peroxidation inhibition (IPC 50), metal ion chelating (CC 50) and tyrosinase inhibition (IC 50) values at 32.31 AE 1.28, 57.40 AE 2.12, 85.05 AE 5.43 and 43.89 AE 2.14 mg/mL which were 0.00031, 0.011, 0.0078 and 0.0016 times of the standards (0.01 AE 0.00, 0.62 AE 0.14, 0.66 AE 0.05 and 0.07 AE 0.01), respectively. The purple glutinous rice extract contained 0.35 µg of anthocyanin/1 mg of the extract determined by HPLC. After loaded in niosomes, the solubility of the extract was not only increased in various solvents, but also the chemical stability in different environments (weak base, reducing agent and acid salt) was improved. The cream formulation containing niosomes loaded with 1%w/v of the purple glutinous rice extract indicated the anthocyanin remaining percentages after 6 cycles of heating and cooling test at 52.28% of the initial. For in vivo antiageing activities, cream containing niosomes loaded with the extract gave significant decreased melanin index and skin roughness reduction of À14.05 and À9.95% of the initial, respectively. The % changes of the increased skin hydration, skin elastic extension and skin elastic recovery when applied on human volunteers' skin with this formulation were +48.73, À24.51 and +35.98%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The cream containing niosomes loaded with the 1%w/v methanolic purple glutinous rice extract gave not only the suitable in vitro antioxidant activity and physical stability of the active anthocyanin, but also the superior in vivo anti-ageing activity on human skin compared to the cream base and before application which can be further developed as a novel anti-ageing cosmeceutical product.
The whole seed (W), endosperm (E) and hull (H) of five cultivars of Job's tears (Coix lachryma-jobi Linn. var. ma-yuen Stapf) including Thai Black Phayao, Thai Black Loei, Laos Black Loei, Laos White Loei and Laos Black Luang Phra Bang were processed before solvent extraction by non-cooking, roasting, boiling and steaming Each part of the Job's tears was extracted by the cold and hot process by refluxing with methanol and hexane. The total of 330 extracts included 150 methanol extracts and 180 hexane extracts were investigated for anti-proliferative activity on human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (HT-29) by the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. The extracts which gave high anti-proliferative activity were tested for apoptotic activity by acridine orange and ethidium bromide double staining and anti-oxidative activities including free radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition activities. The extract from the hull of Thai Black Loei roasted before extracting by hot methanol (M-HTBL-R2) showed the highest anti-proliferative activity on HT-29 with the IC50 values of 11.61 ± 0.95 μg/ml, while the extract from the non-cooked hull of Thai Black Loei by cold methanol extraction (M-HTBL-N1) gave the highest apoptosis (8.17 ± 1.18%) with no necrosis. In addition, M-HTBL-R2 and M-HTBL-N1 indicated free radical scavenging activity at the SC50 values of 0.48 ± 0.12 and 2.47 ± 1.15 mg/ml, respectively. This study has demonstrated the anti-colorectal cancer potential of the M-HTBL-R2 and M-HTBL-N1 extracts.
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