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This cross-sectional study was carried out between August 2011 and July 2012 in the city of Campos dos Goytacazes in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Dried blood spot samples were collected on filter paper from 919 individuals between the ages of 1 and 19 and were tested for antibodies against the hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV). The total prevalence was 20.7%, while 94.7% of children under the age of 5 were found to be susceptible to HAV infection. The prevalence of anti-HAV increased with age, reaching 33.3% among individuals aged between 15 and 19, thereby indicating that this municipality has a low level of endemicity for hepatitis A. Age, non-white skin color, accustomed to swimming in the river and more than five people living at home were the factors that were associated with an increase in the chance of a positive anti-HAV result. Mother's education level (secondary or tertiary) was considered a protective factor for HAV infection. The data obtained showed that a large proportion of the children from Campos dos Goytacazes were at risk of HAV infection, which should be minimized with the introduction of the vaccination program against hepatitis A that was launched in the municipality in 2011.

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From september to december, 2010, we have assessed the frequency and occurrence of adverse events to Pneumo-coccal conjugated 13-valent vaccine (PCV-13) in the Public vaccination program of the municipality of Campos dos Goytacazes, State of Rio de Janeiro, the unique city in Brazil that has introduced this vaccine in it’s immunization schedule. This study analyzed 1001 toddlers who have received PCV-13 at 3, 5 and 7 months and a booster dose at 12 months. We observed a total of 514 local and systemic events in 303 subjects (30.2% of 1001 infants). The most reported systemic events were irritability (18.8%) and fever < 38.5°C (17.1%), followed by fever > or = 38.5°C (8.8%), loss of appetite (8.4%). Erythema (11.2%) and local pain (9.4%) were the most reported local events. Other events reported were diarrhea (6.2%), increased sleep (5.1%), edema and induration (4.8%), decreased sleep (4.3%), vomiting (1.4%), eruption (1.2%) urticaria (0.8%), prurience (0.8%), lymphadenopathy (0.2%) and hypersensitivity reaction (0.2%). There wasn’t any reported case of convulsion or Hospital admission. When stratified by each dose, irritability (systemic) and erythema (local) were the most common events reported at the first and fourth dose, although fever < 38.5°C (systemic) and pain (local) were the most common at second and third doses. Results were close to those encountered in product monograph. In our study, PCV-13 was secure in pneumococcal disease prevention and well tolerated

Introdução: O diabetes mellitus tipo 2 é uma doença crônica que apresenta níveis elevados de glicemia e que pode acarretar complicações, havendo necessidade da mudança do hábito de vida e da utilização de medicações. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo do tipo revisão de literatura, para o qual foi realizado um levantamento de estudos sobre novos tratamentos do diabetes mellitus do tipo 2 nas bases de dados Google Acadêmico, Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo), PubMed e órgãos de importância na área como a Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes e Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia. Discussão: Primariamente, o paciente diabético deve iniciar um tratamento não medicamentoso com uma alimentação balanceada e prática de atividade física. Após essa mudança, caso necessário, são adicionados medicamentos para auxiliar no controle da doença, como metformina, sulfonilureias e tiazolinedionas. Esses medicamentos podem ser prescritos em monoterapia ou associados a outros hipoglicemiantes. Caso a doença não seja controlada com esses medicamentos, pode-se incluir a suplementação de insulina ou optar pelos novos tratamentos disponíveis. Conclusão: Ao abordar os tratamentos para o diabetes mellitus tipo 2, enfatizando as novas opções terapêuticas, como os agonistas dos receptores da GLP-1, inibidores da DPP-4 e os inibidores  de SGLT-2, observa-se a importância de estudar novos fármacos que além de regularem a glicemia, podem trazer outros benefícios como perda de peso e proteção cardiorrenal, a depender da medicação. Nesta revisão, ressaltamos a importância da mudança do estilo de vida, além da adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso para que os danos causados pela descompensação da doença não existam ou sejam minimizados.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause genital warts and HPV-related cancer.People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)are more symptomatic for HPV infections.Campos dos Goytacazes,a municipality of Rio de Janeiro,introduced the quadrivalent HPV vaccine (4vHPV)for HIV-positive women four years before initiation of a public vaccination program.This study analyzed the prevalence of HPV infection in HIV-positive women and the variables associated with infectionTwo groups were evaluated: group 1,with Pap smear and HPV-negative polymerase chain reaction (PCR);group 2, individuals with at least one positive result for HPV in PCR or pap smear.PCR was performed in endocervical samples using generic primers, and the LCD-Array Kit was used for genotyping.Univariate and multivariate analyzes were performed.Results in 109 women (Group 1 n = 70; group 2 n = 39)showed an overall HPV prevalence of 36%.Results also showed that 88% (n = 23) and 96% (n = 25)of typed viruses (total of typed viruses n = 26) were included in 4vHPV and 9vHPV (nonavalent HPV),respectively.In univariate analysis,age less than 45 years, a high number of sexual partners,and HIV-viral load were risk factors for infection.However, a CD4 indicator was associated with protection.Although HIV infection is generally related to multiple and rare types of HPV,this study showed that a vast majority of the HPV types found are included in 4vHPV. Considering that age less than 45 years is a risk factor, the use of 4vHPV in Brazil should be extended in the public vaccination program to HIV seropositive women up to age 45 years ARTICLE HISTORY

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