©2016 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.The vision of the Internet of Things (IoT) to interconnect and Internet-connect everyday people, objects, and machines poses new challenges in the design of wireless communication networks. The design of medium access control (MAC) protocols has been traditionally an intense area of research due to their high impact on the overall performance of wireless communications. The majority of research activities in this field deal with different variations of protocols somehow based on ALOHA, either with or without listen before talk, i.e., carrier sensing multiple access. These protocols operate well under low traffic loads and low number of simultaneous devices. However, they suffer from congestion as the traffic load and the number of devices increase. For this reason, unless revisited, the MAC layer can become a bottleneck for the success of the IoT. In this paper, we provide an overview of the existing MAC solutions for the IoT, describing current limitations and envisioned challenges for the near future. Motivated by those, we identify a family of simple algorithms based on distributed queueing (DQ), which can operate for an infinite number of devices generating any traffic load and pattern. A description of the DQ mechanism is provided and most relevant existing studies of DQ applied in different scenarios are described in this paper. In addition, we provide a novel performance evaluation of DQ when applied for the IoT. Finally, a description of the very first demo of DQ for its use in the IoT is also included in this paper.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft
This paper surveys the literature related to the evolution of cellular communications as a key enabling technology for fundamental operations of smart grid neighborhood area networks (NANs). The latest releases of the LTE standard, representing the recent advancements in cellular technology, offer significant benefits to the modernization of the aging power distribution grid compared with other communication technologies. However, since LTE was not originally designed for smart grid applications, important challenges remain unsolved before it can efficiently support advanced NAN functionalities. This survey identifies the limitations of LTE and provides a comprehensive review of the most relevant proposed architectural and protocol enhancements for the communication infrastructure associated with smart grid NANs that can be found in the literature to date. As device-to-device (D2D) communications in LTE standards are a promising technology for reducing delay and boost reliability, this paper dwells on the potential gains that can be achieved by enabling direct communication using cellular networks, and also discusses in detail LTE-D2D applicability in representative NAN use cases in the power distribution grid. We conclude by stating open issues and providing research directions for future research in the field. This paper constitutes the first comprehensive survey of proposed LTE-enhancement and D2D solutions for smart grid NANs.
This paper provides a view to Peer-to-Peer (P2P) approach for smart grid operation adopted in P2P-SmarTest project. It provides an overview on solutions proposed for distributed P2P energy trading, P2P grid control and wireless communication enabling the proposed P2P operation. The paper proposes some business models that can be adopted in a P2P setting. We also outline the barriers and enablers against and for adopting local or regional P2P based electricity operations.
The efficient and reliable handling of numerous communicating devices responsible for the monitoring and control of the distribution grid constitutes one of the key challenges for the realization of the smart grid. Cellular technology relying on LTE-based standards has been identified as a promising option to support advanced distribution-grid operations with stringent communication requirements. In this paper, a reliability analysis of wide-area monitoring systems in cellular-enabled distribution grids is presented. The LTE random access channel (RACH) procedure enhanced with an access class barring (ACB) scheme is modeled via a Markov chain taking into account a realistic model of the varying traffic behavior of monitoring devices. Based on the proposed analytical framework, we derive the reliability expression which depends on various RACH and ACB parameters and the monitoring traffic characteristics. With the aid of extensive simulations, we validate the accuracy of our analytical model. Finally, a performance evaluation in terms of reliability is carried out under different network and traffic configurations and several insights can be drawn for the reliable support of monitoring traffic.
Abstract-In this paper, we consider a wireless Machine-toMachine network composed of end-devices with energy harvesters that periodically transmit data to a gateway. While energy harvesting allows for perpetual operation, the uncertain amount of harvested energy may not guarantee fully continuous operation due to temporary energy shortages. This fact needs to be addressed at the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. We thus investigate the performance of an Energy Harvestingaware Contention Tree-based Access (EH-CTA) protocol, which uses a tree-splitting algorithm to resolve collisions and takes energy availability into account. We derive a theoretical model to compute the probability of delivery and the time efficiency. In addition, we conduct a performance comparison of EH-CTA using an EH-aware Dynamic Frame Slotted-ALOHA (EH-DFSA) as a benchmark. We determine the parameters that maximize performance and analyze how it is influenced by the amount of harvested energy and the number of end-devices. Results reveal the superior performance of EH-CTA over EH-DFSA. While EH-DFSA requires an estimate of the number of contending enddevices per frame to adapt the frame length, EH-CTA uses short and fixed frame lengths, which enables scalability and facilitates synchronization as the network density increases.
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