This paper provides a view to Peer-to-Peer (P2P) approach for smart grid operation adopted in P2P-SmarTest project. It provides an overview on solutions proposed for distributed P2P energy trading, P2P grid control and wireless communication enabling the proposed P2P operation. The paper proposes some business models that can be adopted in a P2P setting. We also outline the barriers and enablers against and for adopting local or regional P2P based electricity operations.
No abstract
The major focus of the low power wide area networks (LPWAN) is to provide energy efficiency and large coverage to Internet of Things (IoT) applications that do not require a large bandwidth. There are several LPWAN technologies that can enable these functionalities such as SigFox, LoRa Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN), Narrowband-IoT (NB-IoT), and Weightless. The estimates of the number of wireless IoT devices in the near future are between 20 Billion to even 75 Billion. At the very same time the development and deployment of the 5th generation of mobile networks (5G) is rolling out. Among others, the new technology will deliver huge capacity which can be employed for enabling the backbone connectivity for LPWAN. Therefore, there is a need to have possibility to seamlessly integrate LPWANs with the upcoming 5G. In this work, we investigate how one can integrate the LoRaWAN with the 5G Test Network (5GTN) running in the University of Oulu, Finland. Furthermore, one of the options discussed is implemented in practice and its operation is verified. At the moment the implementation is used for wide range of other research activities beside this work, enabling a third party to bring their LoRaWAN compliant devices for testing and application development. Index Terms-5GTN, LoRaWAN, MultiConnect Conduit, PPP, MQTT, ThingWorx.
The landscape of the contemporary IoT radio access technologies (RATs) is excessively diverse, especially when it comes to such a complex environment as Smart City. On the one hand, this diversity offers operators sufficient flexibility to select the most appropriate RAT for their target application. On the other, it becomes a severe limiting factor, as it leads to high level of uncertainty for the IoT device vendors, who need to decide, which technology to support in their hardware. In this paper, we consider the provisioning of the low-power wide area network (LPWAN) devices with multiple RATs. First, we briefly discuss the parameters of several potential radio technologies, and analyze the pros and cons of combining them in a single device. Next, we prototype a real-life device capable of communicating via two perspective LPWAN technologies, namely, LoRaWAN and NB-IoT, and report the initial results of our performance evaluation. These results confirm the feasibility of instrumenting a dual-mode device as well as reveal several important aspects related to the development of multi-radio devices and their performance. In our view, due to their higher flexibility, reliability, and dependability, the devices such as the one developed can be beneficial for various Smart City applications, with smart energy grids and road traffic control being just two of many examples.
This paper investigates the possibility of building the Energy Internet via a packetized management of non-industrial loads. The proposed solution is based on the cyber-physical implementation of energy packets where flexible loads send use requests to an energy server. Based on the existing literature, we explain how and why this approach could scale up to interconnected micro-grids, also pointing out the challenges involved in relation to the physical deployment of electricity network. We then assess how machine-type wireless communications, as part of 5G and beyond systems, will achieve the low latency and ultra reliability needed by the micro-grid protection while providing the massive coverage needed by the packetized management. This more distributed grid organization also requires localized governance models. We cite few existing examples as local markets, energy communities and micro-operator that support such novel arrangements. We close the paper by providing an overview of ongoing activities that support the proposed vision and possible ways to move forward.
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