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The density and types of threading dislocations (TDs) in InN thin films grown on (0001) sapphire with a GaN buffer layer were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Perfect edge TDs with 13〈112̄0〉 Burgers vectors are predominant defects which penetrate the GaN and InN layers. Pure screw and mixed TDs were also observed. Overall the TD density decreases during film growth due to annihilation and fusion. The TD density in GaN is as high as ≈1.5×1011 cm−2, and it drops rapidly to ≈2.2×1010 cm−2 in InN films. Most half-loops in GaN are connected with misfit dislocation segments at the InN/GaN interface and formed loops, while some TD segments threaded the interface. Half-loops were also generated during the initial stages of InN growth.

microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous, non-coding, short (approximately 21 nt) RNAs directly involved in regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Previous reports have noted that plant miRNAs in the plant kingdom are highly conserved, which provides the foundation for identification of conserved miRNAs in other plant species through homology alignment. Conserved miRNAs in wheat are identified using EST (Expressed Sequence Tags) and GSS analysis. All previously known miRNAs in other plant species were blasted against wheat EST and GSS sequences to select novel miRNAs in wheat by a series of filtering criteria. From a total of 37 conserved miRNAs belonging to 18 miRNA families 10 conserved miRNAs comprising 4 families were reported in wheat. MiR395 is found to be a special family, because three members belonging to the same miR395 family are clustered together, similar to animal miRNAs. MiRNA targets are transcription factors involved in wheat growth and development, metabolism,and stress responses.

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Infliximab has higher cost to the VHA than adalimumab or etanercept.

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SUMMARYThis paper describes XSEDE Metrics on Demand, a comprehensive auditing framework for use by highperformance computing centers, which provides metrics regarding resource utilization, resource performance, and impact on scholarship and research. This role-based framework is designed to meet the following objectives: (1) provide the user community with a tool to manage their allocations and optimize their resource utilization; (2) provide operational staff with the ability to monitor and tune resource performance; (3) provide management with a tool to monitor utilization, user base, and performance of resources; and (4) provide metrics to help measure scientific impact. Although initially focused on the XSEDE program, XSEDE Metrics on Demand can be adapted to any high-performance computing environment. The framework includes a computationally lightweight application kernel auditing system that utilizes performance kernels to measure overall system performance. This allows continuous resource auditing to measure all aspects of system performance including filesystem performance, processor and memory performance, and network latency and bandwidth. Metrics that focus on scientific impact, such as publications, citations and external funding, will be included to help quantify the important role high-performance computing centers play in advancing research and scholarship.

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