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The Niamhom (Strobilanthes nivea Craib) plant was cultivated using a modern greenhouse with an automatic irrigation system controlled by the Internet of Things (IoT). The present study investigates the effects of fertilizers, including chemicals, cow manure fertilizer, and bio-fermented water with shading influences of 50 and 70% on plant growth and morphological characteristics. Additionally, the study aims to analyze the chemical constituents of cultivated Niamhom leaf evaluated by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Findings discovered that 50 and 70% shading did not affect plant stem size and canopy diameter. However, shading at 50% affects chlorophyll content, yield, dry weight, leaf diameter, plant height, and the number of leaves. There were no differences in plant growth parameters among the three fertilizer treatments, but significant differences were found in leaf number, leaf area, and chlorophyll content. The chemical fertilizers gave the highest values, followed by cow manure fertilizer and bio-fermented water. The leaves of the Niamhom plant grown in 70% shade with cow manure fertilizer application had the highest overall aromatic content, followed by plants grown in 50% shade with cow manure and chemical fertilizers, respectively. However, when the synergistic interaction of fertilizers and shade factor of 50 to 70% were examined, it was revealed that the chemical odorants of the Niamhom leaf interacted significantly. The whole aromatic substances were detectable in dichloromethane (DCM) extracts, except 2-hexanal in ethyl acetate mediated extract. GC-MS analysis revealed that the primary substances in Niamhom leave comprised 2-propionyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine, 2-propionyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine, hexanoic acid, 3,5,5-trimethyl-, nonyl ester, n-hexadecanoic acid, phytol, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid. The specific aroma compounds of Niamhom leaves that can be utilized as indicators for the herb’s potential consist of 2-hexenal, 2-acetyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine, maltol, 2-acetyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine, hexanoic acid, and 3,5,5-trimethyl-, nonyl ester. Future surveys are necessary to be performed for Niamhom as a potential herb plant for aromatic and several food applications.

Citrus greening disease (CGD), or Huanglongbing (HLB), is principal in Citrus farming because of its severe damage, decreased yield, poor quality of fruit, and frequent disappearance before harvest. Present research blended silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) colloid with chitooligomers and monomers (COAMs) to create the composites referred to as a “hybrid solution”. The hybrid solution has been synthesized for antimicrobial effects and plant growth stimulation. The hybrid solution was applied to cure the CGD, which was then tested using the results of the iodine test kit. Study results revealed that the mechanism for antibacterial properties is efficient and leads to cell death by silver ions (positive charge) attached to the cell wall of pathogens (negative charge). COAMs increase AgNPs’ ability to adhere to negatively charged bacterial cytoplasmic membranes and amplify their electrostatic interaction. There are synergistic antibacterial effects of AgNPs–COAMs. The findings reveal a notable increase in the shoot length of leaves which may be the reason for the growth stimulation function of the hybrid solution due to the properties of COAMs as a biostimulant. The hybrid solution-treated trees yielded around 104.50 ± 4.56 kg of fruits by the trunk or foliar application. Citrus fruits did not show the presence of any silver residues, as displayed by the results of the accumulation test. Compared to conventional ampicillin, the hybrid treatment of CGD was significantly more cost-effective, increased productivity, and had minor accumulation. The acquired results may also be applied to further plant disease treatment.

Agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis) oil is one of the essential bioactive materials in the scent/ perfume industry for the middle east and gulf countries. The built-in functionality and availability of bioactive components of oil make agarwood more precious. In this study, the physically induced infected agarwood tree chops were extracted by microwave assisted Soxhlet extraction. Moreover, the extracted oil samples were analyzed against control not infected trees using Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) by GCMS (Agilent GC 6890zN MS 5973). The microwave assisted Soxhlet extraction revealed a higher amount of oil extraction. In the physically induced samples, 24 signal peaks were recorded employing GC-MS. The most prominent peak area recorded was -5-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-indanone detected at minute 41.89 with a peak area of 17.64%, followed by -methyl 4,4,7-trimethyl 4.7-dihydro indan -6- carboxylate at 23.17 min, occupying an area of 15.54%; followed by 3-carene recorded at 46.61 minutes with an area. According to this research, the microwave-assisted Soxhlet extraction method outperformed and can be utilized in the agarwood industry for enhanced oil production.